英语被动语态的汉译
梁成功
（洛阳师范学院外国语学院  河南  洛阳  471022）
reported英汉两种语言都有被动语态，但由于表达习惯上的差异，英语句式中被动语态的使用要广泛得多。凡是不必说出施动者、不愿说出施动者或者是为了上下文的衔接顺畅等场合，往往使用被动语态。相比之下，汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。同一个意思，英语习惯用被动语态表示，汉语却往往用主动语态、无主句或判断句。语态的使用不同，语气和情调也随之而异。因此，英译汉时，必须注意被动语态的译法，不要过分拘泥于原文的被动结构，而要根据汉语的习惯，做灵活多样的处理，以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。
. 译成汉语主动句，转换原句主语
  英语被动语态汉译时，常将原句中的某个成分，如状语、谓语等转译为汉语的主语，译成汉语的主动句。
1.1将原句中的状语成分译为主语
1.1.1把表示行为者的介词短语译为主语
The poor boy was looked down upon by them. 他们看不起那可怜的孩子。
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。
1,200 people had been saved by soldiers in the earthquake.
在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。
1.1.2把句中地点状语译为主语
某些被动句中并没有出现“by”引导的短语，但在翻译的过程中仍可使用原句主语作宾语的方法。在这种情况下，可采用原句中作状语的介词短语中的名词做译文的主语，如：
The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
中国在四千年前发明了指南针。
Many skilled workers have been trained in this factory.
这个工厂培养了许多熟练工人。
Communications satillites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.
全世界都将通讯卫星用于国际间的实况转播。
This advanced technology is widely used in the coastal area of our country.
我国沿海地区已经普遍使用这种先进技术。
The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.
下一章提供了有关的数据资料。
1.1.3将句中的目的状语译为汉语主语
Three-phase current should be used for large motors.
大型电动机应当使用三相交流电。
A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。
1.2将原句中的谓语译为主语
把被动语态的动词译成汉语的名词，并作主语。将原句主语译为宾语，改为主动语态。
Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
能的定义为做功的能力。
220v was read from the voltmeter.
电压表的读数为220伏。
Momentum is defined as the process of the velocity and a quantitycalledthemassofthe body.
动量的定义是速度与物体质量的关系。
1.3译成汉语把字句
Jimmy felt uneasy for the whole day as he was aroused from deep sleep by the ringing of the door bell early in themorning
一大清早，门铃声把吉米从沉睡中吵醒后, 他整天都无精打采。
He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even though he had always thought of himself as an “Independent”.
尽管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”，大家都把他看作共和党人。
. 译成汉语主动句，保留原文主语
2.1 译成汉语受事主语句
汉语表达的一个显著特征就是广泛使用受事者做主语。因此在翻译被动句时，如果无须指出施事者，则可以保留原句的顺序，仍用原句主语作主语翻译为汉语的主动句，在采用此方法时，我们往往在译文中使用“加以”、“经过”、“用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:
This question has already been mentioned above.
这个问题前面已经提到过。
Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily.
大部分问题已经圆满地解决了。
Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
The flight was cancelled due to the fog.
班机因故停航。
2.2译成汉语的判断句
“凡是着重描述事物的过程、性质和状态的英语被动句，实际上与系表结构很相近，往往可以译成‘是……的’结构。”（韩其顺，1990）例如：
The song in praise of teachers was composed by a student.
这首歌颂教师的歌曲是一个学生谱写的。
The book is designed and compiled as a textbook for Chinese students who make a speciality of English language.
本书是为英语专业的中国学生编写的，可用作教材。
Researchers have found that emotions are accompanied by biochemical changes in the brain.
研究者发现，感情是伴随着大脑中的生物化学变化同时发生的。
. 译为汉语主动句，增译适当的主语
有时，原句无行为主体，可以增译适当的主语，含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。将英语原文中的主语译为汉语的宾语，同时增补泛指性的词语(人们、大家等)做主语。例如:
It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出，无线电广播同样也能做到这一点，但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.
人们常说，电视使人了解时事，熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化，并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。
It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。
. 译成汉语的无主句
4.1译成汉语存现句
一般说来，描述什么地方发生、存在或消失了什么事物的英语被动句，可译成汉语的存现句。
A picture by Picasso is hung on the wall.
墙上挂着一幅毕加索的画。
The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.
这个村子里住着大约13,000农民。
The road is lined with trees on both sides.
道路的两旁种着许多树。
The auditorium was packed with spectators.
礼堂挤满了观众。
The ground was covered with pieces of paper, cigarette-ends and empty bottles.
地上扔满了纸屑、烟头和空瓶子。
4.2 表示观点、态度、告诫、要求、号召等的被动句，汉译时往往采用无主句
Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
    应该尽最大努力告知年轻人吸烟的危害，特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。
Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.