that的几种常见用法
在中学英语中,that 可是一个司空见惯的单词。它在句中可作代词、形容词、副词用,也常作连接词和代词使用;它还可作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。下面谈一谈它的几种常见用法。
reported一、 指示代词
that 可以用作指示代词,意思是“那、那个”。它具体所指在时间和空间上较远的人或物。其与this在意思上相对,复数形式为those,具有名词和形容词的功用,在句子中可作主语、表语等。
1、作主语。that 在句子中作主语时,指人或物皆可。
Thatis his brother who got lost last year .(作主语,指人)
那是他去年失踪的弟弟。
Thatwas a kind of fish living in fresh water.(指物)
那是一种生活在淡水中的鱼类。
2、作宾语。that 作宾语时,常用来指物。例如:
That 's wonderfullnews ,but who told you that?(前一个that 作主语,相当于it ;后一个作宾语,指代词前面的wonderfull news.
Thispointis of great importance , and you must keepthatin your mind .(指代this point)这一点极其重要,你必须牢牢记住。
3、作表语,常位于系动词be 之后。
The way she says has always been that.她说话的方式总是那样。
What I want to do is that.我想做的事情就是那一件。
4、作定语,修饰其后面的名词。
That house lies in the centre of the town.那座房子位于小镇中心
They didn't mean that one .他们的意思不是那一个
Nobody will enjoy thatway ofliving.没谁会喜欢那种生活方式
二、引导定语从句
that 引导定语从句时,用作关系代词。在从句中可以用作主语,又可用作宾语;既可以指人,亦可以指物(代替who ,whom或which).作主语时that 不能省略,但作宾语时可以省略。例如:
Alice gave her father apair of glasses for his birthdaythatwas made in the USA.(作主语,指物)
爱丽斯送给她的爸爸一副美国制造的眼镜作为生日礼物。
The police shot at the prisonerthatwas trying to run away.(作主语,指人)警察向那个企图逃跑的犯人开。The road (that) they are building will have been completednext December .(作宾语,指物)他们正在修建的公路将于明年12月份完工。
Joe was the very man (that) they had been looking for.乔正是他们一直在的那个人。在引导定语从句时,只能用that ,而不能用who、whom或which的情况有:
1、先行词是all、everything、nothing、something 、anything、little、much等不定代词。
Allthat glitters is not gold .闪光的并非都是金子。
Much that he told me is whatI have never heard of before.他告诉我的许多都是我以前从未听说过的。
There is little that you can use.几乎没有什么你能用的东西。
2、先行词被all、every、no、some、any、little 、much等不定代词所修饰。例如:The students read all the books that the famous writer wrote.这些学生读过了这位著名作家写的所有的书。
Hereis no man that can operatethe machines.没有一个人能操作那些机器。
3、先行词被序数词和形容词最高级所修饰。例如:This is the third time that he is late for school.这是他第三次上学迟到。
The Maori were the earliest settlers thatcame to New Zealand . 毛利人是新西兰最早的定居
者。
先行词被the only、the very、the right 、the some、the last等所修饰。例如:Pierrre was the only person in the office that was invited to the palace ball.皮埃尔是办公室里被邀请参加这次宫庭舞会的唯一的一个人。
Tom is the right studentthathas been studying hard in class.
汤姆就是那个在班上一直学习努力的学生。
The last place that we paid a visit to was the power station.我们参观的最后地方是电站。
5、当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时,定语从句只能用that 连接。例如:They often talked about the people and the thingsthatthey remembered.他们常常谈到他们所记得的人和事。
当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,常用that 。例如:Who arethe children that are standing around the headmaster ?围着老师站者的那些孩子是谁?  Which
of you that knows somethingabout history does not know this。你们当中对历史有所了解的人,谁不知道这个呢?
三、 名词性从句
that引导名词性从句时,只起连接作用,没有具体意义,且不用翻译出来。它引导的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1、主语从句。that 引导的主语从句可以放在句子开头。例如:That it will be snowy tomorrowis sure.明天要下雪,那是肯定的。
That he knows nothing about the great man is very strange.真奇怪,他对这位伟人一无所知。that 引导的主语从句常用it 作形式主语,而把从句放在句尾。其基本句型结构有:
①Itis/was+adj.+that从句。如:Itwas impossiblethatpeople flew to the moon at that time .在那时候,人们飞往月球是不可能的。
②Itis/was+ n +that从句。例如:Itis a goodideathatwe get together once a month .我们每月聚会一次是个好主意。
③It is /was +动词的过去分词+that从句。例如:这样的动词有say、think、believe、report、decide、announce 等。常翻译成“据……”或“有人……”。例如:It was reportedthat an earthquake appened in Turkey yesterday .据报道,昨天土耳其发生了一次地震。
2、宾语从句。在宾语从句中,that 是连接词,只起连接作用,也没有具体意义,不用翻译;且在口语和非正式文件在常省略。例如:You must remember (that) we are equal in law . 你必须记住,我们在法律上是平等的。
Nobody knows (that) Fred falls in love with his cousin , Cora .
谁也不知道弗雷德和他的表妹克拉相爱了。
3、表语从句。引导表语从句时,that 也是连词,起连接作用,没有具体意义,不用翻译。从句放在系动词be 之后。例如:The biggeat trouble isthat we have no money to carry outthe plan .最大的麻烦是我们根本没有钱来实施计划。
What we are worrying about is that he is in poor health .
我们担心的是他们的健康状况不好。
4、同位语从句。that 引导同位语从句时,它是连词,只起连接作用,本身没有具体意义,不用翻译出来。从句放在先行词后面,和先行词是同位或等同关系,that不能省略。其先行词多为fact、idea、thought、question、problem、reply、report、remark、belief等。例如:Suddenly I had a good idea thatwe could have the two children share with this room .忽然,我想出了一个主意:我们可以让那两个孩子住这个房间。No one can deny the factthat the earth goes around the sun .谁都不能否认这个事实:地球绕着太阳转。
四、 强调句型
强调结构的基本句型是:It is/was +被强调的部分+ that+其他成分。在强调结构中,不管强调的是人、是物,还是时间、地点、原因,都可以用that . 例如:Mark Twin spent much of his childhood along the Mississippi River .马克·吐温在密西西比河沿岸度过他许多童年时光。
①It wasMark Twinthatspent much of his childhood along the Mississippi River .(强调主语)