专题六非谓语动词
非谓语动词作状语
1.分词作状语
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语是句子的主语;一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。
(1)现在分词作状语时,分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的,它们之间是主动关系。
Hearing the news, they got excited.
听到这个消息,他们很兴奋。
(2)过去分词作状语时,分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系。
Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.
如果给予正确的训练,这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。
2动词不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式作状语主要用来表示目的,有时也可以表示结果、原因等。
She was surprised to see George walk in.
看到乔治进来,她很惊讶。
(2)动词不定式作目的状语时,常位于句首或句中,形式上可用in order to do, so as to do, to do等,但so as to do不能置于句首。
In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.
为了通过考试,他努力学习。
(3)作目的状语的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。
To learn English well, his father bought him a dictionary.(×)
[命题点感悟]                       
单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷)You don't have to run fast or for long________ (see) the benefit.
解析:to see 此处意为:你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。分析句子结构可知,此处应该使用不定式形式作目的状语。
(2018·全国卷)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ______ (improve) water quality.
解析:to improve 改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不种植水稻的目的,故此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。
(2017·浙江6月高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring __________(cook) a meal.
解析:to cook 分析句子结构可知,句中已经有了谓语动词removed,所以此处要用动词不定式作目的状语。
(2016·浙江10月高考) Soon after, I was on my way to the show, ________ (carry) a fancy black handbag and a happy smile.
解析:carrying 空处为伴随状语,且与逻辑主语I是主谓关系,故用carrying
(2016·全国卷)The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots________(use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.
解析:using 第二句句中已有谓语cooked,且无其他连接词,use与主句主语之间存在主动关系,故填现在分词形式作方式状语。
非谓语动词作定语
1动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语,通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)
她总是第一个到,最后一个离开。
Have you got a letter to write(动宾关系)
你有一封信要写吗?
Do you have the ability to read and write in English?
(同位关系)
你有用英语读写的能力吗?
2分词作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being donedone。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用doing;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时,用being done;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时,用done
I have never seen a more moving film.
我没看过比这部更令人感动的电影。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的房子是给老师的。
The broken glass is Tom's.
这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doingdone, doing表示正在进行;done表示已经完成。
boiling water 正沸腾的水  boiled water开水
3动名词作定语
动名词可置于名词前作定语,表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。
a walking stick a stick for walking  手杖
a sleeping car a car for sleeping  卧铺车
[命题点感悟]                       
单句语法填空
(2018·31省新增24例输入浙江11月高考)Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem ________ (call) caffeinism.
解析:called problemcall之间是被动关系,故用过去分词calledproblem的后置定语。
(2017·浙江6月高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a ________ (shine) object.
解析:shining 空处作object的前置定语,故填shining
(2016·全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter________(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析:permitted 因为句中已有谓语动词was,故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permitreporter之间为逻辑上的被动关系,所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。
非谓语动词作补语
1后接动词不定式作补语的动词及动词短语
(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补,即动词/动词短语+宾语+to do。常见的
这类动词或动词短语有:
advise建议    allow允许     ask询问;要求
beg恳求        cause导致        encourage鼓励
permit准许      forbid禁止        force强迫
intend打算      invite邀请        order命令;要求
persuade说服    prefer更喜欢      require需要;要求
teach          remind提醒        tell告诉
want想要        warn警告          wish希望;想要
wait for等待      call on号召;要求  depend on依靠
She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.
她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则,并要求每个人都遵循这些规则。
He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)下列动词接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语:
一感 (feel),二听(hear, listen to),三让(lethave, make),五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at),半帮助 (help),但在变为被动语态时需加to
Nobody saw him come in.(主动语态)没人看见他进来。
The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)
有人看见小偷进了银行。
(3)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语,它们是: