新建筑5要点之⾃由平⾯的典型代表
开放楼层平⾯的6⼤典型案例
Learn About Open Floor Plans Via These 6 Iconic Residences
勒·柯布西耶的“新建筑5要点”在20世纪成为了现代主义建筑的设计指南，因此对于后⼈们理解现代主义设计作品也具有很重要的作⽤。⽔平开窗、⾃由⽴⾯、⾃由平⾯、屋顶花园、底层架空，每⼀点都⾄关重要，⾃由的平⾯形式也⼏乎成为了这位法籍瑞⼠建筑师的代表。在实际建筑项⽬中，这个要点也意味着独⽴的结构和外观，这让墙体的分隔不仅仅只运⽤于功能的区分。
住宅项⽬的内部划分与家庭形式息息相关，⽽在当代环境中，这⼀项内容似乎被弱化，由于⼀些全新的空间形式，建筑变得更加灵活。
为了更好地理解现代住宅空间，⼩编们收集了⼀些极具代表性的住宅室内平⾯布局。
Le Corbusier's "Five Points of Architecture" functioned in the twentieth century as the go-to guide for architectural production; it is also a significant work in understanding the legacy of modern architecture. Horizontal windows, free design of the facade, pilotis, roof gardens, and perhaps the most significant point, free design of the ground plan form the Franco-Swiss architect's manifesto. In terms of design pr
actice, this last point means distinguishing structure and wrapper, which allows the free disposal of dividing walls that no longer fulfill a structural function.
Residential projects were once characterized by a clear division of environments linked to domestic dynamics, now filtered by modern discourse, the house became flexible and capable of new spatial articulations.
To better understand the modern domestic space, we gathered some of the most emblematic examples of residences and their floor plans.
萨伏伊别墅
Villa Savoye / Le Corbusier. ángel Fernandez
柯布西耶的萨伏伊别墅就充分结合表达了新建筑的特征，建筑于1928年⾄1929年间建造于法国。与斯坦因别墅相类似的是，这两座建筑都严格遵守柯布西耶所提出的新建筑5要点。在地⾯层，萨伏伊别墅由⽴柱所制成，表达了房屋是住宅的机器这⼀要点。⽽平⾯布局则呼应了建筑的诸多功能，也表达了建筑师所提出的复杂性。
Villa Savoye
Considered the great manifesto for a new architecture, Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye was built between 1928 and 1929 in France. Together with Villa Stein (1926), both structures synthesized in a very rigorous way the implementation of the five points. As for the ground floor, Villa Savoye was structured from a modulation of pillars that are part of an independent structural system and proposes the residential unit as a living machine covered by the new technological advents of the time. The design of the horizontal plan responds to the diversity of demand for project uses and reveals the complexity of the relationships proposed by the architect.
Julia Brant
在这个案例中，⽐较值得注意的是建筑的竖向分隔，建筑的每个楼层都在强调着建筑师的理念，例如地⾯层主要⽤于停车，并且连接着服务设施，⽽中间楼层考虑住宅的私⼈和功能项⽬，在上部楼层设置有起居室和⼯作区，这些元素都通过⾛廊以及竖向交通体⽽连接在⼀起。
In this case, it is worth highlighting the division of the programs vertically, since each floor tries to reinforce the ideas put forward in the architect's speech: the ground floor, designed from the perspective of the arrival of the car, receives
put forward in the architect's speech: the ground floor, designed from the perspective of the arrival of
the car, receives programs linked to services; the intermediate floor contemplates the private and functional programs of the residence; while the upper floor receives the living space and the visual delight of the constructed work itself, all linked by the elements of circulation that promote the idea of the promenade.
Julia Brant
库鲁切特住宅
Casa Curutchet / Le Corbusier. ARQ+HIS
业主Pedro Domingo Curutchet在委托⼀位阿根廷专业⼈⼠进⾏住宅项⽬和医疗办公场所的设计之后，他委托柯布西耶进⾏La Plata地区的项⽬设计。这⽚场地还未经过开发，这也意味着另⼀位建筑师Amancio Williams为此做出了巨⼤的贡献。
⽽这个项⽬也直接地表达了⾃由平⾯，建筑的钢筋混凝⼟结构通过⽀柱⽀撑，⽽楼层中的功能则通过交通要素⽽连接，并且环绕内部庭院⽽排布。
Casa Curutchet
After an incessant search by Argentine professionals to carry out a residential project and medical office, its future owner, Pedro Domingo Curutchet, hired Le Corbusier to intervene in an area of La Plata. The site was never visited by the architect, which meant a great contribution on the part of another architect, Amancio Williams.
The result is a project that also directly expresses the premises of the free floor: its structure in reinforced concrete defined from the modulation of the pillars receives the programs in floors that are superimposed and articulated from elements of circulation around an inner courtyard and an access with pillars.
Julia Brant
法斯沃斯住宅
Casa Farnsworth / Mies van der Rohe. Tim Brown Architecture
法斯沃斯住宅的设计者是密斯·范·德罗，建造于1945年⾄1951年间，建筑位于伊利诺伊州普莱诺。建筑看上去如同⼀座展厅⼀样晶莹剔透，让⾃然元素直接与建筑内部流通，建筑墙体只有⼤⾯积的玻璃⾯板，⽽内部的布局也⼗分⾃由。
Farnsworth House
Farnsworth House was designed by Mies van der Rohe and built as a weekend home in Plano, Illinois between 1945 and 1951. Thought of as a ground floor pavilion that leaves the natural elements of the environment in direct contact with the interior of the house, delimited only by large glazed panels, the residence is an example of the free floor plan. Matheus Pereira
整座建筑由8个⼯字型钢柱⽀撑，并且通过玻璃围合⽽成，是密斯“少即是多”理念的代表项⽬。⽽就平⾯布局⽽⾔，建筑室内空间⼀览⽆余，⼀些评论者们认为[1]这样的布局并不⼈性化，因为建筑师将⾃⼰的意愿强加给客户。
The structure consists of eight "I" profile steel pillars that support the slab and roof, while the glass panels delimit the project and are an irrevocable example of "less is more." In relation to the plan, its interior integrates all uses of domestic life, although some authors [1] consider this to be impersonal and imposed by the architect as a model for the
domestic life, although some authors [1] consider this to be impersonal and imposed by the architect as a model for the everyday life of his client, Doctor Edith Farnsworth.
图根哈特住宅
Villa Tugendhat / Mies van der Rohe. Alexandra Timpau
这是密斯的另⼀个项⽬，业主是⼀对年轻夫妇，他们希望⾃⼰的住宅简约⽽宽敞，⽽这些需求也完全符合密斯的设计理念。在该项⽬中，建筑师仍然主要运⽤了钢与玻璃，并且呼应地形的变化。这座建筑位于捷克布尔诺，但是建筑的⾦属构件则在柏林⽣产，因为当时在住宅建筑中采⽤这种材料并不常见。
Villa Tugendhat
Another project by Mies van der Rohe, commissioned by a young couple who wanted the architect to propose a spacious house with simple forms, is directly aligned with the idea of the German-American architect's free plan. In this example, steel is also used as a structural element of the three-level volume that the program contemplates and is articulated based on variations in the slope of the terrain. In spite of being located in Brno, Czech Republic, the metal parts of the structure of the house were produced in Berlin, since at that time it was not common to resort to this type of material for residential constructions of the time.
Matheus Pereira
其钢结构仍然有着诸多优势，⽽这些优点在密斯的其他项⽬中也同样存在，例如建筑有着连贯性，同时平⾯形式也较为⾃由，可以根据特定的项⽬需求⽽设定。
Despite the effort, it was this metal structure that guaranteed a series of advantages explored by Mies in his projects, such as the possibility of lightening divisions and a free plan that could vary by level according to specific programs.
retractable埃姆斯住宅
Casa Eames / Charles e Ray Eames. Flickr de rpa2101
建筑师Charles与Ray Eames设计的专题研究住宅项⽬由《建筑艺术》杂志进⾏推⼴，这座设计建造于1945年的住宅结合了⼆战期间开发的民⽤建筑新技术。建筑由两个体量通过庭院连接⽽成，并且运⽤了预制构件。
Eames House
Designed by architects Charles and Ray Eames as part of the Case Study Houses program, promoted by Arts and Architecture magazine, this 1945 house incorporates the new technologies that were available for civil construction developed during the Second World War. The two volumes a
rticulated by the patio were designed from prefabricated elements.
Matheus Pereira
在该项⽬中，建筑师同样运⽤了⾃由平⾯形式，空间内的通道能够起到连接通⾼天花板的作⽤，同时形成更多的阅读空间。另外，独⽴的钢结构系统结合了半透明、全透明的彩⾊⾯板，从⽽在室内产⽣特殊的光线效果。
In the case of this project, resorting to the free floor plan allowed the pavements of the volumes to set up relationships of double ceiling eight in some moments, creating diverse compositions and possibilities of spatial reading. In addition, the independent structure of steel profiles allows the free disposal of opaque and translucent colored panels, that contribute to generating interesting light effects in the interior of the house.
乌德勒⽀施罗德住宅
乌德勒⽀施罗德住宅
Residência Rietveld Schröder / Gerrit Rietveld. Zasa Lein
该项⽬由⾥特维尔德设计，位于荷兰乌德勒⽀，这座住宅的内部空间可以根据家庭的需求⽽灵活改变。建筑师还运⽤了可移动墙体，从⽽在室内形成多样的变幻环境，并且让使⽤者的家庭⽣活不受束缚，满⾜⽇常活动需求。
Rietveld Schröder House
The residence designed by Gerrit Rietveld in 1924 in the Netherlands is an example of total flexibilization of domestic spaces from a plan whose partitions can be altered. This is possible thanks to the use of retractable walls that can be gathered by articulating various environments of the house and eliminating the notion of hierarchy between the rooms and the daily activities of the family.
Matheus Pereira
建筑师通过⽔平正交的各种形式，激发住宅的多种可能，该项⽬构思了建筑内部的动态元素，充分利⽤其结构优点。
By providing a variety of design possibilities from the same orthogonal envelope, this project reiterates the virtues of thinking about the autonomy of structural elements in relation to the dynamics of internal environments.