第五章张春柏汉译英翻译词汇的技巧(下)
第五章词汇翻译的技巧(下)
5.1 词类转换法
词类转换是指翻译时在保持原文内容不变的前提下,改变原文中某些词的词类,以求译文通顺自然,合乎译入语表达习惯。无论英译汉还是汉译英,词类转换法都是最基本的技巧之一。
我们知道,英语和汉语的词汇之间没有完全对应的关系。汉语单词没有词形变化,而英语单词却有,同一个词根加上不同的词缀,可以变成动词、名词、形容词或副词等。翻译时有时候就必须进行词性的转换。其次,汉语句子多用动词,而英语句子则多用其他词性的词,如名词、形容词、副词和介词词组等。这也意味着,翻译时英语句子中的名词、形容词、副词和介词词组要译成汉语的动词,反之亦然。另外,两种语言的表达习惯也不尽相同,比如,某个意思在英语中通常用某种词性的词表达的,在汉语中很可能用别的词性的词表达。这也要求在翻译中灵活运用词类转换的技巧。最后,还有语体风格的因素,有时候也要求我们在
翻译中进行词类的转换。如英语中在正式的语体中倾向于用抽象名词,而汉语因为没有词形变化,往往用其他手段来表示同样的意思,所以有时候也需要进行词类的转换。所有这些都要求译者熟练掌握词类转换的技巧,以使译文通顺流畅,符合译入语习惯。现将英汉互译时常见的词类转换现象介绍如下:
5.1.1 名词与动词的互相转换
由于英语句子动词用得比较少,一句句子通常只有一个谓语动词,而名词,尤其是抽象名词却用得比较多。与此相反,汉语中动词用得比较多,除了动宾结构外,还普遍使用连动式和兼语式等结构。因此,英译汉时常常需要把名词转换成汉语动词,并对其他句子成分作相应的调整。反之,汉译英时则常常需要把动词转换成名词。例如:
1)His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.
他因受贿而被捕。
2)Exhaust gases from boilers, vehicles, etc.,cause air pollution in cities.
锅炉和车辆等排出的废气,污染了城市空气。(《中国翻译》1998年,第5期,第45页)
3)The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence, or frightened by his high and imposing manners.
他有钱有势,蒙蔽了天下人的耳目,他那目空一切、盛气凌人的气派又吓坏了天下人。
4)The seizure of American hostages in Iran sharpened the pain of national humiliation.
伊朗扣押美国人质的行动加剧了国耻的痛苦。
5)Notwithstanding Miss Pross’s denial of her own imagination, there was a perception of the pain of being monotonously haunted by one sad idea, in her repetition of the phrase,
walking up and down, which testified to her possessing such a thing.(C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities)
尽管普洛士小不承认自己有想象力,但当他一再说“走来走去”时,她是觉察
了那种无止无休的、被一种哀伤的念头折磨的痛苦景象,这证明她具有这种能
力。
6)She turned towards me immediately. The easy elegance of every movement of her limbs and body as soon as she began to advance from the far end of the room, set me in a flutter of expectation to see her face clearly. (W. Collins, The Woman in White)
她立刻转过身来。当她从房间的那一头走过来时,一举手一投足风度非常优雅,
我不由得很想看清她的面孔。(曹苏伶译)(《中国翻译》1989年,第1期,第
27页)
7)一打开开关,我们就可以看见一英里处正在发生的事情。
At the turn of a switch, we can see what are taking place a mile away.(《中国翻译》
1998年第4期,第27页)
8)他踌躇了一会,终于决定还是自己送我去。(朱自清,《背影》)
But after much hesitation he finally decided to see me off himself.
9)我自己也不明白,为什么会起这么浓浓的情绪?再一思索,实在很浅显的。(朱自清)
Why the reminiscence should evoke such a strong emotion I do not understand. On
reflection, however, the reason is really very simple.
10)我初到越州,第一遭去访问的山水是东湖。(王世颖,《放生湖的东湖》) During my first visit to Yuezhou, the first place I went to was the East Lake.(张培基
译)
当然,有时候也有相反的情况,英译汉有时要把动词转换成名词,汉译英则要由名词转换成动词。这种转换多见于以下三种情况:
一、英语中有些动词是由名词派生或转借而来的(如characterize;symbolize,design, figure, impress, behave, witness, mean, cost等),这些动词在英语中用得相当普遍,但在汉语中有时候却很难到相匹配的词来替换。因此,译成汉语时,常常要转换成“弱化动词+名词”的形式。例如:
11)As the war progressed, he would symbolise their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils.
随着战争的进行,他将成为他们受挫的象征,是一切不幸的化身。
12)Before Jack London, the fiction dealing with the working-class was characterized by sympathy for labor and the underprivileged, but chiefly in the spirit of Christian
principles of brotherhood.
在杰克·伦敦之前,以工人阶级为题材的小说往往具有同情劳工、同情贫困阶层
的特点,但这种同情主要出于基督教提倡的兄弟友爱精神。
二、英语有些被动句译成汉语时,其动词可以译成“受(遭)到……+名词”的结构。例如:
13)They will need plenty of persuading, for many of them have been badly burnt.
这需要做大量的劝说工作,因为许多投资者已受到过很大的创伤。
英汉互译翻译
14)But, one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of
discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty
in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro
is still languished in the corners of American society, and finds himself an exile in his
own land. (Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream)
但是,一百年过去了,黑人仍然未获自由。一百年过去了,黑人的生活仍在受着
隔离和歧视这两付镣铐的不幸摧残。一百年过去了,黑人仍然生活在富庶汪洋的
贫困孤岛之上。一百年过去了,黑人仍在美国社会的每一个角落备受折磨与冷
落,发现自己仍在自己的国土上受到流放。
三、英语中某些感觉动词,如look;sound;taste;smell;feel等,在译成汉语时,可考虑
转换成名词。例如:
15)The flowers smells sweet.
这些花气味芬芳。
16)It tastes too much of garlic.
这东西大蒜的味道太重。
17)He did not look or act like his usual self—his face was very red, his hat was on the back of his head, his hair was wildly rumpled.
他此时的样子和表现都一反常态——脸孔涨得通红,帽子向后斜戴着,头发也乱成一团。
5.1.2 英语形容词与汉语动词之间的互相转换
由于英语形容词,尤其是表示感觉和感情的形容词,往往具有动词的意义,因此在英译汉时,常常要把“系动词+(表示感觉、感情等的)表语”结构中的形容词转换成相应的动词,汉译英则相反,要把这类动词转换成相应的形容词。例如:
18)We are always faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island country.
我们常常隐隐约约地感到这是个小小的岛国。(《中国翻译》1991年,第2期,第20页)