Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Translatology
翻译学基本用语：
源语/译出语source language(SL), original language
译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language
原作者SL author, original author 
译者(笔译者)translator
译者(口译者)interpreter
读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience
文本text
原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work
译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition
译本/译著translated text/translational work
源语读者source-language reader/SL reader
源语文化 source-language culture/source culture
译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience
译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture
语境context
笔译written translation 
口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting
同声传译simultaneous interpreting
交替口译consecutive interpreting
翻译原则translation principle
标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)
翻译过程translation process
翻译程序/步骤translation procedures
反应/读者反应responsetransform和convert的区别/reader’s response
对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence
等值/对等equivalence
对等物(词语)equivalent
形式对等formal equivalence
功能对等functional equivalence
动态对等dynamic equivalence
等效equivalent effect
充分性adequacy
可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)
可读性readability(readable) 
可译性translatability(translatable)
不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable) 
表层结构surface structure
深层结构 deep structure 
理解understanding/comprehension
表达expression
再现reproduction/representation
转换transformation
传译/转移transferral/transfer
误解misunderstanding 
误译mis-translation
异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation
归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 
词汇空缺lexical gap
文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap
直译literal translation/direct translation
意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation
直译派a literalist/a sourcerer 
意译派a free-hander/a targeteer
重复法repetition 
增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition
减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission 
词类转移法/词性转换conversion
反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation 
移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation 
音译法transliteration
具体化specification
概括化generalization
抽象化abstracting
明析化explicitation
译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)
加注法annotation
夹注intratextual note
脚注footnote
尾注/文后注endnote
注释性翻译annotated/commented translation
释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase 
引申法extension
替代法substitution/replacement
借用borrowing
推演法deduction 
缀合法combination
分译法division 
逆序法/倒置法reversing 
合译法combination
综合法mixture of methods 
包孕embedding 
切断/分切cutting
拆离splitting-off 
插入inserting 
重组recasting
回译back translation