思考类动词总结
  assume / conceive构思, 以为, 持有conceive a plan to increase profits. / conclude / expect / determine 决定, 确定, 测定, 使下定决心Demand determines production. / hold / judge / presume假定, 假设, 认为That's the new assistant, I presume. / reckon / see / sense / suppose / comprehend / consider / deduce / infer / evaluate / examine / rationalize合理化/ reason说服, 推论, 辩论reasoned out a solution to the problem. / reflect反射, 反映, 表现, 反省, 细想 / resolve 决心，解决 / speculate 推测, 思索, 做投机买卖/ study / turn over 反复考虑/ weigh / contemplate沉思 / convey传达
ponder, meditate, deliberate, ruminate, mull, muse这些动词表示仔细而详尽地考虑某件事情。
Ponder 是指用煞费苦心的详尽和仔细在头脑中权衡： 
“He and the council had already pondered the list of members returned to the parliament” (John Morley).
“他和委员会已经认真地考虑过了重返国会的人员名单” （约翰·摩利）。
“The Doctor had been pondering, and had made up his mind to a certain course” (Henry Kingsley).
“这个医生已经苦思冥想了一段时间并已决定要采用某种方法” （亨利·金斯利）。
Meditate 暗指严肃的思考，比如对于采取一项行动或执行一项计划所做的考虑；这个词还可表示陷入深深的思考：
“The King struck the blow he had for some time meditated” (William E.H. Lecky). “国王实施了他考虑已久的打击” （威廉E.H.莱奇）。
“He quitted her presence to meditate upon revenge” (Frederick Marryat). “他不让她出现以考虑如何复仇” （弗雷德里克·玛利亚特）。Deliberate 是指集中注意力地且通常是缓慢地思考， 如对于将要做出的一项选择或决定的思考：
The jury deliberated for two days before returning a verdict.      陪审团在仔细斟酌了两天后才做出了他们的最后决定。
Ruminate / mull暗指把一件事情在脑子里翻来覆去地想： 
“The old warrior king was . . . ruminating on his gloomy fortunes” “年迈的武士之王正在…反复咀嚼他暗淡的命运和前途”
I sat mulling over my problem without finding a solution. 我坐着一遍又一遍地思考我的问题，可总是不到解决办法。
Muse 缪斯[希神]文艺、美术 、音乐等的缪斯女神是指沉浸在自己的思想中； 该词经常含有一种抽象的性质：
“And musing there an hour alone,/I dreamed that Greece might still be free” (Byron). “在那默想一个钟头，/我梦见希腊也许仍然自由”transform和convert的区别 （拜伦）
 
思考类名词总结(观点 / 概念 / 理论)
  Notion 概念, 观念, 想法/ idea / view / concept / perception 理解，感知，感觉
  perspective 观点, 看法/ observation / examination
  witness / judgment / approach / hypothesis
  impression / supposition假定, 想象, 推测, 推想 / theory / thought
  apprehension 理解, 忧惧/ comprehension / realization
  consideration 体谅, 考虑/ interpretation / understanding
  speculation / vision幻想,洞察力 / picture / inclination 倾向/ ideology 意识形态
支持类单词总结
  Support / maintain / insist / hold / uphold 支持, 赞成/ agree / 
accede to 同意，让步：通常是因为他人的坚持而同意accede to terms同意条件accede to a request答应某人要求accede to a proposal接受建议accede to a party加入政党accede to an estate继承一份产业/ admit / consent to同意)consent to stay on同意继续住下My father
would not consent to my leaving school./ assent 同意/ verify / revel in 得意于, 着迷, 酷爱, 纵情于revel in a book
/ glory in 自豪, 得意/ believe in / dictate 规定/ celebrate 表扬, 赞美a song that celebrates love.
反对类单词总结
  Contradict / decline / disagree / dispute / dissent from不同意dissent from the Church of England
/ oppose / protest / refuse / abandon / neglect / disapprove / disprove 反驳 / condemn
 
核心的；主要的；基本的；内在的
  essential / chief / crucial / core / fundamental / main / key / principal / elementary / primary
indispensable / central / vital / underlying
/ inherent 固有的, 内在的, 与生俱来的inherent contradictions内在矛盾inherent laws内在规律inherent regulations自动调节
/ intrinsic (指价值、性质)固有的, 内在的, 本质的
/ inborn 天生的, 生来的, 先天的an inborn talent for art天赋的艺术才能
重要的；显著的
  important / valuable / substantial 坚固的, 实质的, 真实的, 充实的/ big / considerable / 
  critical / crucial / decisive决定性的/ earnest 认真的, 热心的, 庄严的：重要或有份量的/ exceptional 例外的, 异常的/ marked 有记号的, 显著的/ meaningful / momentous 重大的, 重要的/ paramount 极为重要的/ salient 易见的, 显著的, 突出的, (salient features [points, characteristics] 特, 特征, 特点)/ significant / weighty 重要的；重大的/ eminent / influential / outstanding / distinctive 与众不同的, 有特的/ esteemed  尊敬的/ grand 盛大
的, 豪华的, 重大的, 主要的, 极重要的/ honored / illustrious 杰出的illustrious accomplishments杰出成就/ leading / majestic 宏伟的, 庄严的/ notable / powerful /  prominent / remarkable / solid / superior / conspicuous 显著的
 
限制 / 阻挠
  limit / confine / compress / decrease / lessen 减少, 减轻
  narrow / bar / bind 约束/ cap 给…定一个上限/ check / constrain / curb
  impede 妨碍：拖延或阻挡…的进程/ inhibit / obstruct / restrict / cramp 关住，限制，约束
  diminish (使)减少, (使)变小/ block / choke堵塞/ frustrate / hamper
  hinder / retard 延迟, 使减速/ stall / throttle 扼杀, 压制/ thwart 反对, 阻碍, 横过
 
退步
  decline / halt / repress压制/ recession / cease / fall
 
减少
abate 使(数量、程度等)减少, 减轻, 除去, 缓和, 打折扣abate a tax减税The medicine abated his pain.
这药减轻了他的痛苦。We must abate the noise pollution in our city.我们必须消除我们城里的噪音污染。
/ curb / curtail 削减/ drop / ebb潮退, 衰退/ evaporate / fade / lower / reduce / restrain / shrink / decrease /slacken松弛, 放慢, 减弱, 减少, 减缓放慢slacken one's efforts松劲The car has slackened its speed.车速放慢了。/ slump失败, 消沉, (物价)暴跌, 跌落Business slumped after the holidays.节日过后生意下降了/ subside下沉, 沉淀, 平息, 减退, 衰减The s
ea subsides.海浪平息下来。The wind subsided to a calm.风平息了。He subsided into a chair.他慢吞吞地坐在椅子上。/ wane变小, 亏缺, 衰落, 退潮（wax and wane (月的)盈亏[圆缺]; [喻]盛衰）His strength[reputation] is -ning.他的力量[名声]减弱了。The day is -ning.近黄昏了。/ diminish / subtract