第三讲　句子成分
句子表达一个完整的意思，是由单词按一定的语法规则组合而成的。句子一般可以分成几个部分，每个部分在句中具有一定的功能，称为句子成分。不同的句子成分由一定的词类或词组充当。
一、主语(subject)
主语是一句话的主体，表明句子说的是谁或是什么。它一般放在谓语之前，通常由名词(名词短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词以及名词性从句等担任。
◆TV news often gives us lots of information.
电视新闻常常给我们许多信息。(名词)
◆Something is wrong with my computer.
我的电脑坏了。(代词)
◆Seven­tenths of the earth surface is covered with water.
十分之七的地球表面被水覆盖。(数词)
◆To see is to believe.
眼见为实。(动词不定式)
◆Cycling and boating are my favorite free time interests.
骑车和划船是我业余最大的兴趣爱好。(动名词)
◆That she was admitted into a key university greatly comforted her parents.　她被重点大学录取这件事给了她父母极大的安慰。(主语从句)
二、谓语(predicate)
谓语是对主语的有关问题加以说明的部分。谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或者怎么样。谓语位于主语之后，由动词担任。凡是由一个动词或动词词组构成的谓语，无论处在什么时态、语态、语气下，都被称之为谓语。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。
◆He practises running every morning.(简单谓语)
他每天早晨锻炼跑步。
◆Great changes have taken place in Shanghai.(复合谓语)
上海发生了巨大的变化。
由系动词加表语也构成复合谓语。如：We are students.
三、表语(predicative)
表语是说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的句子成分。它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当。
◆My favorite attraction is the Great Wall.
我最喜欢的旅游景点是长城。(名词)
◆—Who is there？——谁在那儿？
—It’s me.——是我。(代词)
◆English is both useful and important.
英语有用且很重要。(形容词)
◆The Forbidden City is at the centre of Beijing.
紫禁城位于北京市中心。(介词短语)
◆The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
最大的快乐就是为大家的快乐而工作。(动词不定式短语)
◆My hobby is collecting stamps.
我的爱好是集邮。(动名词短语)
◆My belief is that our country will become stronger and stronger.
我相信，我们的国家将变得越来越强大。(表语从句)
四、宾语(object)
宾语是及物动词所表示的动作的对象，或是介词所表示的某种联系的对象。宾语放在及物动词的后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、非谓语动词及短语或名词性从句等充当。
◆The children are flying kites.
孩子们正在放风筝。(名词)
◆Call me any time.
请随时打电话给我。(代词)
◆I decide to pick up a new foreign language.
我决定学一门新的外语。(动词不定式短语)
◆Do you mind passing me the dictionary?
请把字典递给我，好吗？(动名词短语)
◆Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。(宾语从句)
五、宾补(object complement)
有些及物动词带了宾语后意义仍不够完整，还需要加上宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、身份或特征等。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后，一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当。
◆He has proved himself an experienced teacher.
他证明自己是一名经验丰富的教师。(名词)
◆We have decided to paint the room pink.
我们决定把房间漆成粉红。(形容词)
◆My mother always keeps everything in good order.
我妈妈总是把一切安排得井然有序。(介词短语)
◆The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.
老师叫我们不要制造那么多的噪音。(动词不定式短语)
◆I heard the telephone ringing.
我听见电话铃正在响。(现在分词)
◆He was very happy to see the homeless children taken good care of at the orphanage.　他很高兴看见流浪儿童在孤儿院得到很好的照顾。(过去分词)
六、定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。
◆These are apple trees.
这些是苹果树。(名词)
◆The men here are always busy working on the farm.
这里的男人总是忙于在田间干活。(副词)
There is nothing to do today.
今天没有事要做。(不定式)
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。(现在分词、过去分词短语)
七、状语(adverbial)
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。
◆I’m very pleased to see you.
见到你我非常高兴。(副词)
◆I’ll be back in a while.　我一会儿就回来。(介词短语)
◆When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
她12岁的那一年开始居住于大连。(状语从句)
◆Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.
由于和妻子吵了一架，他愤怒地离开了家。(分词作状语)
想一想，下列句子中的画线部分充当什么成分？
1．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital．表语
2．The manager made them work day and night．宾语补足语
3．A lot of green lands have been opened to the public.regularly什么意思谓语
4．The best method of keeping slim is to do exercise regularly．表语
5．They lived in the room above．定语
6．To be or not to be is a question.主语
7．His confidence enabled him to finish the task successfully．宾语补足语
8．The class teacher had us clean the classroom yesterday.宾语补足语
9．Is he the man who wants to see you？定语
10．This book gives me some idea on how to make friends．宾语
11．I feel it our duty to serve the people heart and soul．宾语
12．What you explained just now didn’t satisfy me.主语
13．We must get together again some day．状语
14．He gave me a basket full of eggs．定语
15．If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.状语