一、名词
  【考点直击】
  1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;
  2.名词所有格的构成及用法;
3.近义名词的辨析。
【考点讲解
  一、名词的数
  1.单数和复数
    可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:
 (1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,
doctor→doctors。
 (2)以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。
 (3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。
 (4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days。
 (5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。
 (6)以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。
 【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers, women teachers。
    有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
   (8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。
   (9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
   (10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors。
   (11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:
    科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths
       专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls
    其他名词:news, falls
  2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法
    在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
   (1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
    The rich man has a lot of money.
    There is some milk in the bottle.
    Is there any water in the glass?
    I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
   (2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:
    a piece of paper, a piece of wood, a piece of bread
    a bottle of orange, a glass of water(milk), a cup of tea
    a cup of tea, a bag of rice, three bags of rice
   如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
    two cups of tea, four pieces of paper, three glasses of water
    不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。
  二、名词的所有格
    名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。
  1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s',例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
  2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's,如:Children's Day。
  3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's,例如:a twenty minutes' walk,ten miles' journey,a boat's length,two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
  4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
  5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my father's。
  【注意】
    如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。
    两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。
  【实例解析】
  1.(2004年上海徐汇区中考试题
    These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
    A. woman doctors                B. women doctor
    C. women doctors                D. woman doctor
    答案:C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。
  2. (2004年河北省中考试题)
  This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
    A. Anne and Jane              B. Anne’s and Jane’s
    C. Anne’s and Jane            D. Anne and Jane’s
    答案:D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时,只在后面的名词后加’s。
  3. (2004年吉林省中考试题)
    ---Are there any ________ on the farm?
    ---Yes, there are some.
    A. horse  B. duck  C. chicken  D. sheep
    答案:D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。
  4. (2004年佛山市中考试题)
    ---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?
    ---Orange, please.
    A. hamburger      B. chip      C. tea
    答案:C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。
  【中考演练】
  一. 单项填空
1.We went to Dr. Browns yesterday. He gave us _____.
A. some advice  B. advices  C. an advice  D. some advices
2. What _____ theyve got! No wonder they are very happy.
A. a good news  B. quite a good news  C. good news  D. little news
3. Much ______ to fight against pollution.
editorinchief是什么意思A. have been done  B. has been done  C. had been done D. has done
4. What ______ ! Lets go swimming.
A. a fine weather  B. fine day  C. a fine day  D. bad weather
5. You have made _______. You should be more careful.
  A. a lot of mistake                B. a great deal of mistakes
  C. a large number of mistakes        D. few mistakes
6. Before we moved into the new house, we bought many________.
  A. furnitures  B. future  C. pieces of future    D. pieces of furnitures
7. The bookshelf over there is __________.