第二章 翻译的过程 The Process of Translation
1. 理解：
1语义方面：
1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.
1) Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.
2) Like knows like.
3) I like translation more than writing.
4) In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.
1.1.2. 根据上下文
1) He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的
2) He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的
3) This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.
Take off:
1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.
2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.
1.1.3 根据搭配来选择：
light music轻音乐，light loss小损失，light car轻型汽车，light heart不专一的心，light step轻快的脚步，light manners轻浮的举止，light voice轻声
delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题 /delicate difference/讲不
大清楚的差别 delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花 delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物
1.1.4 词语引申意
1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性
1) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾
1.1.4.2 抽象变具体
1) there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件
2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.
3) Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.
1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms
1) Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。贵国一直坚定地站在反恐怖主义战线的前列。
2) It is the champion of that case.案子的罪魁祸首
3) Mary always gets what she wants by playing office politics.耍手腕到达目的。
4) The arrogant policeman is very humble towards his superiors.傲慢无礼的警察见到上司非常谦卑恭顺。
5) Should the couple split up or stay together for the sake of the kids?这样的夫妻应该离异，还是为了孩子凑合过下去？
tickle6)He has the reputation of being a blood-sucker.他是个臭名昭著的吸血鬼。
7)She has made a reputation for herself through hard work.她勤奋工作为自己赢得了声誉。
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1.1.6要了解文化特性
1)心中有事，必形于。The face is the index of the mind.
2)别久情疏。Far from eye, far from heart.
3)我让他抢了先。He has stolen a march on me.
4)他想贿赂这个政府官员。He is trying to oil the judge’s palm.
5）Greek and Latin are all English to me.(English means easy. But “it is Greek to me “means to difficult)
6)There are cattle in the field, but we sit down to beef.在地里放牧的叫牛，在餐桌上吃的叫牛肉。
7) It is a black lie.恶意的谎言。
8)．From time to time, we have to do rather tricky job and feel that one of our fingers is gett
ing in the way. We say that we are all thumbs.  我们有时要干些精细的活，但感到手指不听使唤，我们说自己苯手苯脚的。
9)请你耐心一点。To hold your potato
10)The couple lead a cat and dog life. 这对夫妻老吵架。
11).John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game约翰为人可靠， 他既诚实又正直。
1.2语境分析：分析词与周边逻辑关系。
1)We must insert a new fuse every time fuse has functioned.每当保险丝烧断后，我们就换上新的。
2)-------“Well, old boy, ”said the visitor, “it’s nice to see you up and about”
-----“Up , yes, ”the patient said, “but about , no — at least not much,”
-------“喂，老兄，”探视者说，“见到你起来走动走动，真高兴。”
------“是能下床了，”病人答到。“若说走动还步行—至少还不太行。”
3)-----Clare stood still, and inclined his face towards hers.
-------“ Oh, Tessy!” he exclaimed.
-----The girl’s cheeks burned to the breeze, and she could not look into his eyes for the emotion.( T. Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Ch. 23)
克来站住了脚，把脸贴/俯向来丝的脸。
“哦，台丝？”他动情的叫到。
苔丝感到了他的呼吸，脸上给烧得火辣辣的，她心摇神荡，不敢再盯着克来的眼睛。
1.3语用分析 对语言的交际意义进行分析。
1.3.1了解说话人的感情，态度，情绪和意念等
1)Say that again and I’ll part with you once and for all.（警告）你再这样说，我就不再理睬
你了。
2)You are stubborn. He is pig-headed. I am strong-willed.（褒、贬有别）你太固执，他是头倔驴，而我却意志坚强。
3)He is a post-graduated, but speaks no English.（表惊讶）他是个研究生，奇怪的是连一句英语都不会说。
4)A down-to-earth man would have succeeded.（含假设）如果脚踏实地，就不会失败了。
1.3.2选词对风格的影响：用词不同,句法结构不同, 表现手法不同,从而导致了风格的不同.
1) Beside the flashing light, Miller had frequent but not severe headache , which he attributed to business tension, lack of exercise and too many cigarettes. At 42, he had realized the ambition of many bright young engineers: to own a manufacturing business.
2) I joined the Marine Corps at seventeen. I was very mixed up. I wanted to become a first-class citizen. I wanted to be accepted and I was very proud of my uniform. My mom didn’t
want to sigh the papers, but she knew I had to better myself and maybe I’d get an education in the services.