第3章英国资产阶级革命时期
3.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）
The harmonious collaboration between Queen Elizabeth and the Parliament which represented the interest of the bourgeoisie was intensified at the end of Elizabeth’s reign. As JamesⅠ and Charles Ⅰ came to throne, the conflict between the monarch and the Parliament became more and more severe. In 1642, the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out. King Charles Ⅰ was beheaded in 1649, and the war ended. Monarchy was abolished. England was declared a commonwealth, i.e., a republic.
After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles Ⅱ to England in 1660. Then followed the Restoration period. When James Ⅱ threatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England in 1688. This was called “Glorious Revolution”, after this revolution, the state structure of England was settled, within which capitalism could develop freely.
伊丽莎白女王和代表资产阶级利益的议会之间良好的合作在她统治的最后几年变得紧张起来。随着詹姆斯一世，特别是查理一世的继位，君主和议会之间的冲突变得越来越厉害。1642年，英国资产阶级革命爆发，1649年，查理一世审判后被砍头。内战结束，英格兰宣布建立共和政体。
克伦威尔死后，英国议会1660年迎来查理二世，资产阶级经历了复辟的挫折，最终，当詹姆斯二世要重建绝对王权时，资产阶级将其驱逐并于1688年邀请了荷兰的威廉就任英格兰国王。“光荣革命”使封建君主政体及其专制统治的企图结束了，资产阶级成为国家权力斗争的胜利者。
Ⅱ. Literary Features of the Revolution Period（资产阶级革命时期的文学特征）The spirit of unity and the feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth Ⅰ. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.
1. Owing to the Restoration, the literary style changed from complicated plot, bold creation and flashy words into the simple, clear and restrained forms.
2. Poetry occupied a prominent place of this period. The most excellent poet is John Milton, who creat
ed Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. There were also two poetic schools: Metaphysical Poets, including John Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell, and Cavalier Poets, mainly represented by John Suckling, Thomas Carew and Robert Herrick.
3.The representative of th is time’s prose was John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.
4. John Dryden was the most important critic and poet.
伊丽莎白一世时期的统一精神和爱国主义情感结束了。资产阶级革命和复辟时期的英国文学和当时的社会巨变密切相关。
1. 随着王权的复辟，文学风格由文艺复兴后期复杂、大胆、奢侈的文学形式逐渐地
让步于简单、清晰、克制的形式。
2. 这一时期，诗歌在文学领域中占主导地位。最著名的诗人是约翰·弥尔顿，他创作了史诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》和诗歌戏剧《力士参孙》。另外还有两个诗歌流派，即玄学派（约翰·邓恩，乔治·赫伯特，安德鲁·马维尔）和骑士学派（约翰·萨克令，托马斯·卡鲁，罗伯特·赫瑞克）。
3. 小说体散文以班扬的《天路历程》为代表。
4. 约翰·德莱顿成为当时最重要的诗人和批评家。
Ⅲ. Literary Terms（文学术语）
1. Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）
The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, including John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their works were characterized by inventiveness of metaphor (these involved comparisons being known as metaphysical conceits, that is, far-fetched or unusual similes or metaphors), wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and play of paradoxes. Generally, their poetry is characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.
玄学派诗人是17世纪一批无具体联系的英国田园诗人总称，包括约翰·邓恩，乔治·赫伯特和安德鲁·马维尔，他们的共同之处在于对超自然问题的兴趣和对这些问题的相同探究方法。作品最明显特征为奇特暗喻的使用，这被称为玄学派的“奇思妙喻”（conceit），即，将两个没有相同点的物体用比喻手法牵强地结合在一起。另外，作
品特点还包括机智，富有想象力的画面，简略而模糊的表达，自相矛盾的说法。诗歌总体相似处为内容上的神秘性和形式上的奇异性。
2. Cavalier Poets（骑士派诗人）
A group of supporters of Charles Ⅰin the Bourgeois Revolution consists of John Suckling, Thomas Carew and Robert Herrick. These poets were not a formal group, but all were influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet; their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit. Between the Metaphysicals and the Cavaliers there is a similar awareness of mortality, which is expressed as an intense melancholy by the former, and by the latter as a bitter consciousness of the transitoriness of human glory and joy.
主要包括约翰·萨克令，托马斯·卡鲁和罗伯特·赫瑞克，他们在资产阶级革命时期支持国王查理一世，且全部受本·琼森影响，几乎不用十四行诗。其抒情诗以简短但措辞准确且多用成语，充满高雅气息著称。玄学派和骑士派的共同点在于意识到人生必死，前者用深切的忧伤表达出来，后者则痛苦的意识到人生光辉和快乐的短暂。
3. Restoration Comedy（复辟时期的喜剧）
Restoration comedy refers to English comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1688. After public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime, the re-opening of the theatres in 1660 when Charles Ⅱ came back, signaled a renaissance of English drama.
Restoration comedy is notorious for its sexual explicitness, a quality encouraged by Charles Ⅱ (1660–1685) personally and by the rakish aristocratic ethos of his court. It was mainly the work of Sir George Etherege (1635-1691, The Man of Mode), William Wycherley (1640-1716, Love in a Wood, The Country Wife) and Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726, Virtue in Danger). These playwrights collectively portray a world of adultery, jealousy, deceit, meanness and cunning, in which love is a sexual game and marriage a business transaction, and consequently most wives cuckold their husband, and their husbands chase whores.
它是指1660-1688年间，英国王朝复辟时期的喜剧。公共剧院在清教徒时期被关闭18年后，1660年查理
二世归来，剧院的重开标志英国戏剧的复兴。
复辟时期的喜剧以其放纵而臭名昭著。主要作家有乔治·艾瑟里奇（1635-1691，《时髦人》），威廉·威彻利（1640-1716，《树林里的爱》，《乡下妻子》）和约翰·凡布卢爵士（1664-1726，《危险中的美德》）。这些剧作家描写了一个充满通奸、嫉妒、欺骗、卑鄙、奸诈的世界，在这里，爱情是性的游戏，婚姻是场交易，结局是大部分妻子对丈夫不忠，而丈夫去追求。
Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works（主要作家和作品）
1. Milton (1608-1674)（弥尔顿）
(1) Life（生平）
John Milton is the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to emerge in the 17th century.
Born into a pious wealthy Puritan family, he had enjoyed the sweetest and the
most sheltered period of adolescence of all. He retired to his father’s country house at Horton, rejecting working in the church after graduating from Cambridge University and subjected himself to a rigorous reading plan which covered Greek, Latin, and Italian classics, and Christian mythology. In 1652, he lost his sight. Milton was against monarchy. After he was thrown in prison and released by the domineering king Charles Ⅱ, he began living a poor, lonely and dark life. During this phase, Milton completed his Paradise Lost(1667), Paradise Regained(1671), and a tragedy, Samson Agonistes(1671). In his last years he suffered more and more from gout (痛风) and he died of it in 1674.
约翰·弥尔顿是继乔叟和莎士比亚之后英国第三位伟大的诗人，也是17世纪最伟大的作家。
弥尔顿出生在富裕、虔诚的清教徒家庭，拥有最甜蜜、最受庇护的青春时光。剑桥大学毕业后，他拒绝在教堂工作，退隐到他父亲在霍顿的乡间住所完成自己制定的严格的读书计划，所读内容涵盖希腊、拉丁和意大利经典著作和基督教神学。1652年，他完全失明。弥尔顿一直反对君主政体，王朝复辟时，因此入狱。获释后一直过着贫困、孤独黑暗的生活，这一时期他创作了《失乐园》、《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。晚年他饱受痛风之苦，逝于1674年。
(2) Life Periods（生平阶段）
monarchy
His life can be roughly divided into three phases: from 1620 to 1638, the early phase of reading and lyric writing; from 1640-1660, the middle phase of service in the Bourgeois Revolution and pamphleteering; the last also the greatest phase of