考点4  语法填空
(2017·全国甲卷)
话题:地铁的历史  词数:193W  难度:★★★
  In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible　61　(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and　62　work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.  This included digging up the road, 　63　(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over　64　top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.
Steam engines　65　(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been　66　(fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than
25, 000 people were using　67　every day.
  Later, engineers　68　(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube. This development was only possible with the　69　(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The Central London Railway was one of the most　70　(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了最早的地铁以及地铁早期的发展。
61. 【解析】crowds。考查名词的单复数。根据空前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词, crowd表示“人”, 是可数名词, 前面没有不定冠词a, 所以用复数形式。
62. 【解析】from。考查介词。to and from往返, 来回, 来来往往。to and from work上下班。
63. 【解析】laying。考查非谓语动词。laying和句中的digging up, building并列。
64. 【解析】the。考查冠词。top是名词, 前面要用冠词, 此处特指在挖的路的上面, 所以用定冠词the。
65. 【解析】were used。考查时态和语态。此处讲的是过去的事情, 主语Steam engines和use之间是被动关系, 所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
66. 【解析】fairly。考查词性转化。此处需要用副词来修饰形容词unpleasant。
67. 【解析】it。考查代词。用it指代前句中的railway。
68. 【解析】managed。考查时态。此处讲的是过去的事情, 所以用一般过去时, 主语engineers和manage之间是主动关系, 故填managed。
69. method形容词【解析】introduction。考查词性转化。根据空前面的with和定冠词the可知此处需要填名词。with the introduction of表示“随着……的引进”。
70. 【解析】successful。考查词性转化。句意:伦敦中央地铁是这些新地铁线中最成功的线路之一。根据句意以及空格前的the most可知, 此处是the most+多音节形容词构成最高级, 故填successful。
【难句剖析】
It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.
分析:and后面省略了主语it, using an interesting method是非谓语动词作方式状语。
翻译:它花了三年的时间才建成, 并且是用一种有趣的方法建造的。
(2017·全国乙卷)
话题:健康饮食  词数:222W  难度:★★★
  There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)　61　a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side　62　(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required　63　(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt　64　(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As　65　result, peopl
e will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even　66　(bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food　67　(be)full of fat and salt;by　68　(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
  Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be　69　(care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 　70　is not good for the health.
【文章大意】人们现在提倡低脂少盐的生活, 但它却带来了一些副作用, 如过度肥胖和心脏病。本文提醒我们要适量, 不能走极端。
61. 【解析】as。考查介词。此处指作为一种抵抗心脏病的方法。as表示“作为”。
62. 【解析】effects。考查名词单复数。此处根据空前面的some以及空后面列举的两个副作用可知, 用effect的复数形式。
63. 【解析】to process。考查非谓语动词。require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事。
64. 【解析】are removed。考查时态和语态。填空处在句中作谓语。本文讲述的是现状, 用一般现在时。主语是fat and salt, 和remove之间是被动关系, 所以填are removed。
65. 【解析】a。考查冠词和固定搭配。as a result因此。
66. 【解析】worse。考查比较级。even修饰比较级, even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。
67. 【解析】is。考查主谓一致。主语是fast food, 是不可数名词, 所以谓语用单数形式, 且此处讲的是现状, 所以填is。
68. 【解析】eating。考查非谓语动词。by在此处表示“通过”, 是介词, 后面接动词的-ing形式。
69. 【解析】careful。考查词性转化。此处表示“小心不要走极端”。根据句意和be可知后面用形容词careful。
70. 【解析】which。考查定语从句。此处, which引导非限制性定语从句, which在从句中作主语, 指代前面主句的内容。
【难句剖析】
This trend, which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
分析:which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease是非限制性定语从句, 破折号后面的the very thing the medical community was trying to fight是对overweight和heart disease的补充说明。
翻译:作为医学界抵抗心脏病发起的这股潮流也有一些难以预料的副作用, 如过度肥胖和心脏病, 而这正是医学界试图去抵制的。
(2017·全国丙卷)
话题:人物介绍　词数:213W　难度:★★
She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking for
ward to the challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61.     　(rest). Instead, she is earning￡6, 500 a day as 62.     　model in New York.