强调句与倒装句-英语语法,高中高考英语语法无忧教育
强调句
在英文中,句子的主语、宾语、状语都可以写进一定的句式里以表示对它的强调。
它们是:
1. It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that ( who, which ) + 句子的其他部分 (强调句的一般形式)
2. What/why/where/…is / was it that… (强调特殊疑问词)
下面我们以两个句子为例来演示强调句的构成。如:
1)Western health-care system are spending huge sums of money  on the surgical treatment 
西方国家医疗保健机构在心脏病的手术上开支巨大。
强调主语
nearby
It is Western health-care system that are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease. 正是西方国家医疗保健机构,在心脏病的手术上开支巨大。
强调宾语
It is huge sums of money that Western health-care system are spending on the surgical treatment of the disease. 西方国家医疗保健机构在心脏病的手术上,开支确实是巨大的。
强调状语
It is on the surgical treatment of the disease that Western health-care system are spending huge sums of money.西方国家医疗保健机构,就是在心脏病的手术上付出了巨大的开支。
2)Ann Peters’ husband rushed her to a nearby hospital last night. 
昨晚,安妮.彼德的丈夫立即送她去附近医院。
强调主语
It was Ann Peters' husband that (who) rushed her to a nearby hospital last night.
昨晚,正是安妮.彼德的丈夫,立即送她去了附近医院。
强调宾语
It was her (she) that (who) Ann Peters' husband rushed to a nearby hospital last night.昨晚安妮.彼德的丈夫立即送的是她,去附近医院。
强调状语
It was to a nearby hospital that Ann Peters' husband rushed her last night.昨晚安妮.彼德的丈夫立即送她去的就是一家附近的医院。
强调状语
It was last night that Ann Peters' husband rushed her to a nearby hospital.就是在昨晚,安妮.彼德的丈夫立即送她去附近医院。
要点提示:
1)当原句叙述的是现在或者将来发生的事情用"It is … that…"的句式(如例句1);当原句叙述的是过去发生的事情则用"It was … that… " 的句式(如例句2)。
2)在这种强调句式中,一般用that引出句子的其他部分。如果被强调的部分是表示人的意义的名词时,可以用who代替that引出句子的其他部分;但是,无论被强调的部分是表示地点、还是表示时间意义的名词,都不可以用where 或者when 。例如:
It is that man who (that) is teaching our English.(就是那个人教我们英语。)
It was my telephone number that Miss White happened to know.
怀特小碰巧知道的就是我的电话号码。
It is in front of the religious leader that the bride and groom stand together to be married.
新郎、新娘通常就是一起站在宗教头领面前举行结婚。
2)如果被强调的部分是人称代词,应该用该人称代词的主格形式;在口语或非正式文体中也可以用其宾格形式。
It was she (her) who told the police.就是她报告警察的。
It was you who we were talking about.我们刚刚谈论的就是你。
3)没有强调句子谓语的强调句,但有其通常的强调手段:do / does / did + 动词原形 。例如:
I do believe that he is an honest man. 我的确相信他是老实人。
She does like literature. 她确实喜欢文学。
They did go to see you yesterday, but failed to meet you.
他们昨天的确去看过你,但没见到你。
4)What … is / was …
"What … is / was …"是名词从句结构,也是强调句的另一种构成形式。它常用来强调主语、宾语。如果所叙述的是现在或者将来发生的事情
用"What is … that…"的句式;如果所叙述的是过去发生的事情用"What was … that…"的句式。例如:
What he wishes most is to become a pilot.(强调宾语)
他最希望的是成为一名飞行员。
What interested me most in that movie was the beautiful scenery of Alps. (强调主语)那部电影使我最感兴趣的是阿尔裨斯山那美丽的风景。
What I like is her speaking manner. (强调宾语)
我喜欢的是她说话的风度。
What encouraged us was the example he set for us. (强调主语)
给予我们鼓励的是他为我们树立的榜样。
△特别提醒
基本句型Ⅰ:It is (was)+被强调成分+that(who)+其余成分
a. 强调句可以用来强调除谓语之外的任何成分。
b. 强调句中的 It 决不会因为被强调的成分是复数而改变。
c. 强调句中只用  It is… 和It was… 两种形式, 如果原句中谓语动词属过去时范畴(一般过去时, 过去完成时和过去进行时), 就用It was…  , 其余时态均用It is…
d. 强调句中的连接词一般只用  that(被强调部分是人时也可以用 who), 是不用when和 where的。
e. 强调句中的 that ,who是不能省略的。
基本句型Ⅱ:It is (was)被强调部分+that+其余成分
a.此强调句式中,谓语动词要用肯定式。   
b.此强调句式中,只用 until,不可用till.
She didn’t give me a reply until one week later.
It was not until one week later that she gave me a reply.
I didn’t know anything about it until she told me.
It was not until she told me that I knew anything about it.
倒装
主语和谓语是句子的核心,它们之间有两种语序:一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序(Natural Order);二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序
(Inverted Order)。而倒装语序中又有全部倒装(Full Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)两种情况。
首先,在全部倒装的句子中,要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序。
例如:
There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall.
(在There be…的句式中,There只是个引导词而不是主语,真正的主语是后面作表语的名词或者名词短语。因此,There be…的句式都是全部倒装的句子。)演讲厅里有大量的学生。
When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .
(此句是为了"描述情节的需要",把倒装当着修辞的手段而写成了全部倒装句。句子的主语是a mid-aged man,谓语是stood 。)当他向房门跑去时,那儿正立着一位手里拿着一盏灯笼的中年男人。
另外,在部分倒装的句子中,只把谓语的一部分(如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词be)放到主语的前面去,构成倒装语序。例如:
Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? (句子的谓语是are going to take part,are是句子的谓语的一部分;句子的主语是you 。所以,此句是部分倒装的句子。疑问句都是部分倒装句。)你打算去参加星期五与会计系进行的足球赛吗?
Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .(由于语法要求的原因,本句写成了部分倒装的句子。它的自然语序应该是:When the bell rang, he could hardly finish his test paper.)他还未做完试卷,下课铃就响了。
了解了倒装语序的构成情况后,我们再来看看倒装语序在各种不同类句子中的使用情况: