Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts Copyright(c)1965,The American Law Institute 法律集解1(第二版):侵权法(《法律重述》)
美国法学会1965年出版
Division2-Negligence
Chapter17A-Assumption of Risk
§496A General Principle
A plaintiff who voluntarily assumes a risk of harm arising from the negligent or reckless conduct of the defendant cannot recover for such harm.
§496B Express Assumption of Risk
A plaintiff who by contract or otherwise expressly agrees to accept a risk of harm arising from the defendant's negligent or reckless conduct cannot recover for such harm,unless the agreemen t is invalid as contrary to public policy.
§496C Implied Assumption of Risk
(1)Except as stated in Subsection(2),a plaintiff who fully understands
a risk of harm to himself or his things caused by the defendant's conduct or by the condition of the defendant's land or chattels,and who nevertheless voluntarily chooses to enter or remain,or to permit his things to enter or remain within the area of that risk,under circumstances that manifest his willingness to accept it,is not entitled to recover for harm within that risk.
defendant(2)The rule stated in Subsection(1)does not apply in any situation in which an express agreement to accept the risk would be invalid as contrary to public policy.
§496D Knowledge and Appreciation of Risk
Except where he expressly so agrees,a plaintiff does not assume a risk of harm arising from the defendant's conduct unless he then knows of the existence of the risk and appreciates its unreasonable character.
§496E Necessity of Voluntary Assumption
(1)A plaintiff does not assume a risk of harm unless he voluntarily accepts the risk.
(2)The plaintiff's acceptance of a risk is not voluntary if the defendant's tortious conduct has left him no reasonable alternative course of conduct in order to
(a)avert harm to himself or another,or
(b)exercise or protect a right or privilege of which the defendant has no right to deprive him.
§496F Violation of Statute
The plaintiff's assumption of risk bar s his recovery for the defendant's violation of a statute,unless such a result would defeat a policy of the statute to place the entire responsibility for such harm as has occurred upon the defendant.
§496G Burden of Proof
If the defendant would otherwise be subject to liability to the 第二编过失侵权
第17A章自甘风险原则2
第496A条一般原则3
被告的过失或鲁莽4行为有造成伤害的危险,原告如果自愿承担,则不能追偿损失。
第496B条明示的风险承担
被告的过失或鲁莽行为有造成伤害的危险,但是,通过合同或以其他方式,原告明确表示接受的,不得对由此发生的伤害要求5赔偿,除非此类协议6因违反公共政策而无效。
第496C条默示的风险承担
(1)除本条第2项规定外,被告的行为,其土地或动产上存在的状况对原告或其物品有造成损害的危险,原告对此完全了解但自愿选择进入、停留,或允许其物品进入或滞留在危险区域内,这些状况如表明原告自愿接受危险,则原告无权对由此发生的伤害获得赔偿。
(2)在同意接受危险的明示协议因违反公共政策而无效的任何情形下,前项的规定也不得适用。
第496D条知道7并且理解危险
除非原告当时知道危险的存在,并且理解其不同寻常的性质,否则不能视为原告自愿接受因被告行为而生的危险。但是原告明确表示同意的,不在此限。
第496E条承担风险的必要条件
(1)只有原告自愿地接受危险,才能认定自愿承担风险。
(2)如被告的侵权行为使得原告除了接受,别无选择可以
(a)规避对自己或他人的伤害;或
(b)行使或捍卫被告无权剥夺的权利或特殊待遇;
则不能认定原告自愿承担风险。
第496F条违反成文法令8
被告违反成文法令的规定,而原告自愿地承担风险,则这将排除原告对被告的损害索赔要求,除非法令已把损害责任全部加诸被告,而这样的结果将挫败法令的目的。
第496G条举证责任
如果被告本应对原告承担责任,那么关于原告自愿承担风险的举证责
1旧译作《法律重述》(大陆地区)或《法律整编》(台湾)。
2Assumption of Risk可以翻译成“自担风险”或“自甘风险”,“甘”包含“自愿,乐意”,而“自担风险”中的“自”更容易理解为“自己”而不是“自愿”。
3本条规定了自愿承担风险的一般原则。关于该原则在特定情况下的应用,见第496B条至第496G条。原告的同一行为既可能属于自愿承担风险,也可能同时构成与有过失(助成过失),进而同时受到两种理由的抗辩。
4鲁莽行为是比一般过失更为严重的行为,是一种严重的过失行为。相近的可选翻译包括:轻率、草率、鲁莽、莽撞、冒失。自甘风险原则同时构成(一般)过失和鲁莽行为的抗辩理由,而与有过失原则(contributory negligence)仅构成对(一般)过失的抗辩理由。
5【要求】指希望能得到或满足愿望,既指对他人,如严格要求子女等;也指对自己,如要求入党,要求业务进修。它有名词用法,如提出三点要求。【请求】,说明原因,提出要求,希望得到满足,语气郑重或客气,如请求组织批准我当人民教师,请求她的帮助等。“请求”也有名词用法。
6协议表示双方的一致意见(agreement),不一定需要对价(consideration),而合同(contract)的成立,需要有对价的交换。
7“了解”比“知道”程度深,面也广。“知道”指一般认识,“了解”指较全面深入的认识。以下来自《小议对外
汉语教学中词语辨析——知道、了解、认识、理解》:“知道”是对人或者事物的一般性认识。“知道”是基本的、浅层次的。“认识”在认知水平的深度上与“知道”差不多接近于一个层次,指较为基本的。“了解”相对于“知道”和“认识”而言,比“知道”和“认识”更深入一些。“了解”比“认识”所获得的信息更多,“认识”的不一定都“了解”。“理解”的程度更高,在“了解”的基础上,对人或事物有更深层次的认识。认识”和“知道”在认知水平的深度上,都属于一个层次。都是比较基本的、浅层的。它们之间的区别是“认识”是直接获得的感受。而“知道”是间接获得的。我们说“认识”一位朋友或认识一个地方,就表示一定直接去过或见过那个人、那个地方。
8成文的法律、法规或行政命令
plaintiff,the burden of proof of the plaintiff's assumption of risk is upon
任,应由被告承担。the defendant.