《英语语言学概论》答案完整版
考核方法：闭卷  考试
时间：100分钟
题型：
I. 单项选择(15×1’=15’)
II．判断 (15×1’=15’)
III．填空(10×1’=10’)
IV．术语解释(5×2’ =10’)
V．简答题 (4×5’ =20’)
VI. 分析题 （30’）
重点掌握的术语：
1. Linguistics
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology,  morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
2. design features
They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality.
3. Displacement
Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places.
4. Duality
It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as
the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously.
5. Arbitrariness
It is generally the case that there is no ‘natural’ connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.
6. Manner of articulation
It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated.
7. Place of articulation
It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated.
8. articulatory phonetics
The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’ is articulatory phonetics.
9. Phonology
The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language.
10. Assimilation
It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or ‘copied’ by the other. For example, the word ‘can’ in the sentence ‘I can go.’may pronounce as [kæŋ] instead of [kæn] because of the influence of the following sound [g].
11. Back-formation
A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word ‘donation’ first came into use and then the verb ‘donate’ was created from it.
12. Morpheme
It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s.
13. Immediate Constituent
It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show  constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction.
14. Syntax
The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.
15.semantics
The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular.
16. Hyponymy
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy.
17. Homonymy
It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well.
18.synonymy
It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide.
19. Pragmatics
The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.
20. Synchronic
It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.
第一章  语言的起源
概念辨析
The “bow-wow” theory
The “yo-heave-ho” theory
思考
“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？
The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho’ theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort
自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？
  On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed the capacity for speech.
  On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been explained since a langua
ge cannot be only a set of words used as‘names’ for entities.
第三章 语言的属性
概念辨析
language
Design features of language
Displacement
Arbitrariness
Duality
应用
能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。
能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统
思考
人类语言有哪些功能？
First, it has the function of cultural transmission. People pass knowledge, skills from one generation to the next only through oral language especially in the old days,
Second, it has the function of communication. Human use their language to communicate with each other, socially or emotionally, to indicate their friendliness, cooperation or annoyance and pleasure.
direction发音