新编英语教程8的部分笔记整理。
The new science
The great chariot of society, which for so long had run down the gentle slope of tradition, now found itself powered by an internal combustion engine. Transactions and gain provided a new and startling motive force.What forces could have been sufficiently powerful to smash a comfortable and established  world and institute in its place this new society. There was no single massive cause . It was not great events, single adventures, individual laws, or charming personalities which brought about the economic revolution. It was a process of internal growth.First, there was the gradual emergence of national political spirit in Europe. Under the blows of peasant wars and kingly conquest, the isolated existence of early feudalism gave way to centralized monarchies.  A second great current of change was to be found in the slow decay of the religious spirit under the impact of the skeptical, inquiring, humanist views of the Italian Renaissance. Still another deep current lies in the slow social changes that eventually rendered the market system possible. In the course of this change, p
ower naturally began to gravitate into the hands of those who understood money matters--the merchants---and away from the disdainful nobility,who did not. 在这个变化之中，权利便自然而然地从那些鄙视财迷的高尚者的手中转入那些懂得经营钱财的商人的手中。
The American Dilemma翻译
About seven years ago, I accepted an invitation to participate in a seminar on the ethical and moral problems of American society that was sponsored by the Aspen Institute in Colorado. Among the other invited guests were business executives, college presidents, judges, government officials, managing editors, professors and theologians.
大概七年前，我应邀参加一个由科罗拉多阿斯彭研究所（Aspen Institute）赞助的研讨会，探讨有关美国社会道德伦理问题。出席会议的还有企业家、大学校长、法官、政客、执行编辑、教授和神学家。
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Although there was no conflict or controversy in the discussions, one of the largest presentations has had a profound, almost obsessive, impact upon my thoughts about the character and quality of American life[1]
虽然本次讨论中无意见冲突和争议，但较为重要的几个发言中有一个让我印象深刻，它甚至强烈地影响了我对美国生活特性和质量的看法。
In a rather quiet voice, a recently retired vice-president of one of the largest corporations in America told the group that one of the persistent problems faced by his office was how to keep the accounting records of the corporation in such a way that they would be accurate and would also obscure the fact that regular operating expenses were payoffs to municipal official to expedite the installation of new construction in the large cities throughout the United States. [2] Casually, this participant cited this as another example of a prevailing functional immorality with which big business had to come to terms.
一个刚从美国的一个大公司退休的副总经理，平静地告诉了我们一个他们公司正面临着的问题：如何记录公司的运营历程才能保证记录准确并且能够掩盖这样的事实——正常的运营耗费其实是市政官员用在美国大城市的构建中的资费。
When none of the other participants raised a question about the ethical implication of this practice, I eventually asked why this powerful corporation did not bring this matter to local a
nd Federal law-enforcement officials. My colleagues clearly considered my question naïve. They reacted to my persistent questions as if I were an unrealistic child who did not understand the economic and political rules of the great American game.
当其他参会者都没有对这个伦理内涵的运用提出质疑时，我最后问了一个问题：为什么这个强大的公司没有将这样的问题上报给当地或者联邦的法律执行官？很显然，同事认为我很天真。我坚持打破砂锅问到底，而他们则好像在看一个对美国游戏在经济社会上的影响毫无知情而充满幻想的孩子。
Now I was shocked not only by the disclosure but equally shocked at the fact that my fellow seminar participants were not shocked. They thought themselves realistic in not permitting an academic discussion of ethical and moral values to be confused by “minor” specific examples of generally accepted institutionalized immorality.[3]
让我感到吃惊的不仅是这个问题的暴露，还有各参会者对此不表示惊诧这一事实。他们认为自己是现实的，没有允许这次关于道德伦理价值观的学术论坛被误认为是被公认的不道德风气的一个具体实例。？？
What is the basic systemic problem---the fundamental problem of perspective, value and character ---that seems to be inherent in the chronic crises plaguing American society？Obviously the answer to this question is not to be found in deprivation and poverty of resources.
视角、价值观和特性的最为基本的问题出在哪里？？？这个内在且积累已久的问题困扰着整个美国社会。
When dishonesty appears to work, it’s difficult to argue persuasively for honesty.
当“不诚实”出现在工作里的时候，我们就很难去为“诚实”做有力的辩护。
Many American under the banner of democratic egalitarianism will argue and insist upon their right to keep less desirable, “less equal,” Americium out of their communities and schools.
很多美国人打着“民主平均主义”的旗号，坚持将一些较为“无用、低等”的美国人挡在自己的社区和校门外。
They also seem to have the courage to risk the repeated expressions of their concern and thereby serve as a gnawing and irritating conscience to those who have attained success.
In the final analysis only these individuals provide the hope for that ultimate type of realism that is defined by the capacity of a society to survive rather than to be destroyed eventually on the altar of human barbarity.
他们貌似很有勇气去冒险表达自己的忧虑。从而让那些已经获得成功的人受此折磨且良心不安。
归根结底，只有这样的人才能为最根本的现实带来希望。这个真正的现实是指社会有能力继续生存，而不会最终被摧毁于人类的野蛮之手。
I have here in my hand 翻译
There seemed no stopping . He boasted: “McCarthyism is Americanism with its sleeve rolled.” He gloried in being himself: the poor kid from the wrong side of the tr
acks who had fought his way up,who was going to teach the snobs a thing or two. “McCarthyism, ”wrote critic Peter Viereck, “is the revenge of the noses that for 20 years of fancy parties were pressed against the outside window pane. ” The Wisconsin Senator had tapped into one of the universal recurring themes in American life: the antagonism between the uppity, dudish, big-city smart alecks and the rough and ready independent, true-blue Americans from the backwoods. “it’s not the less fortunate.. who have been selling this nation out,” he cried, “but rather those who have had all the benefits—the finest homes.the finest college educations, and the finest jobs in government. The bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the worst.”