外文文献及翻译：在全球经济中竞争：创新挑战
外文文献及翻译：在全球经济中竞争：创新挑战外文资料
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Competing in the global economy: the innovation challenge
Rt. Hon. Tony Blair, Lord Sainsbury. Innovation Report.2003.12: 17-31，52-65.
Chapter 1 The innovation challenge
Summary
Global competition is increasing as a result of trade liberalization, technological change and reductions in transport and communication costs. UK based businesses will find it increasingly difficult to compete on
low costs alone in labour intensive industries exposed to international competition. The challenge for businesses is to compete on the basis of unique value.
We have defined innovation as the successful exploitation of new
ideas and it is central to meeting this challenge. It involves investments in new products, processes or services and in new ways of doing business. Measures to develop the skills and creativity of the workforce are often an essential prerequisite. The speed of
technological change and market responses make the challenge to innovate urgent and continuous.
Overall UK innovation performance appears to be, at best, average compared to our major competitors. This is reflected in the large
productivity gap that exists between the UK and its major competitors. Innovation performance accounts for a significant proportion of this gap. On the whole, UK firms face a challenge: how to raise their rate of innovation?
Innovation is a complex process so understanding why the UK has a relatively modest innovation performance is not straightforward. We drew on an extensive review of the inter
national innovation literature and consulted with a group of leading experts in the field.
As a result we have identified seven critical success factors for innovation performance. They are:
Sources of new technological knowledge;
Capacity to absorb and exploit new knowledge;
Access to finance;
Competition and entrepreneurship;
Customers and suppliers;
The Regulatory environment;
Networks and collaboration.
They help us to identify current strengths and weaknesses of the UK innovation system. A
highly abridged summary is provided in this chapter but the more detailed
1
analysis is contained in an accompanying economic report.
Our vision is of the UK as a key knowledge hub in the global economy.
A country that will have maintained its outstanding tradition in the
advance of scientific and technological knowledge while developing a similar level of performance in turning knowledge into exciting and novel products and services.
The Report complements the Lambert Review of University-Business
links as well as the cross-Government Skills Strategy. It makes proposals to strengthen UK performance against all the success factors building upon initiatives that have gone before.
What is innovation?
1.1. Innovation in this Report is defined as the successful exploitation of new ideas. Ideas may be entirely new to the market or involve the application of existing ideas that are new to the innovating organization or often a combination of both. Innovation involves the creation of new designs, concepts and ways of doing things, their commercial exploitation, and subsequent diffusion through the rest of the economy and society. It is this last–diffusion–phase from which the bulk of the
economic benefits flow. Most innovations are incremental–a succession of
individually modest improvements to products or services over their life cycle. But a few will be dramatic, creating entirely new industries or markets.
1.2. Innovation involves experimentation and risk taking. Some attempts to innovate will fail, but across the economy the successes outweigh the failures. And the failures themselves generate new
knowledge, which if evaluated correctly, can improve the chances for future success. The ri
sk of failure justifies the potentially high returns from successes, which provide the incentive to innovate in the first place. Successful innovation-led companies have a number of common characteristics (Box 1.1).
Characteristics of innovation-led companies:
A worldwide focus, often requiring early expansion overseas;
A balanced growth strategy, based on organic growth and targeted acquisitions to enter new markets or acquire critical expertise;
A balanced investment strategy;
Above average investment in market led research and development;
A focus on what really matters to the customer;
An innovation culture with corporate leadership that expects growth through development of new products and services.
extensive翻译Why is it important now?