浅谈增词法、省略法在英汉翻译中的技巧
李凯玉
A Study of Amplification and Omittion in
English-Chinese Translation Skills
Li Kaiyu
摘要:文字的增补与省略,并不是说在原文思想内容之外,再增加什么意思或减少什么意思,而是说,在保证译文和原文意思完全一致的前提下,在字面上作一些补充或删减,其目的是使译文更加真实流畅。在翻译中,有些词在特定词组中失去具体实义,仅仅表明范畴,想“态势”、“状态”、“问题”、“局面”等,按我们汉语的搭配习惯,组成“以实带虚”相对的固定词组。象“衣食住行问题”、“听天由命的心态”、“贫穷落后的状况”等。英语和汉语表达方式不一样,他习惯使用抽象名词来表达与汉语词组相同的意思,所以翻译的时候要注意。关键要根据上下文,确定这些词在句子里是否具有实在的意义,则省略不译,以免产生累赘。这是最忌讳的!
关键词:增词;省略;翻译
Abstract: With the addition of the words omitted, it does not mean that the original ideological content, the increase or decrease in the meaning of what it meant, It said that to ensure translations and the original meaning is fully consistent with the premise that literally make some additions or delete. The purpose is true: more fluent. In translation, some words have lost their specific real justice in a particular phrase, merely indicates areas like "ours" and "state" "problems" and "situation", according to our customary mix of Chinese, "which in real modest" relative to the fixed phrase. Like "green" and "fatalistic mentality," and "the situation of poverty and backwardness." English and Chinese expression is not, he used abstract terms with the Chinese phrase to express the same meaning. Therefore, we must pay attention to the translation. The key to the light of the context, the possibility of determining these words have real meaning of the sentence., it cannot be translated. In order to avoid cumberance. This is the most taboo!
Key words:Amplification; Omitted; Translation
引言
翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动,是“一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言完整而准确的表达出来。英语中有些动词做不及物动词时,宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的,译成汉语时往往把它表达出来。英语动词有时和体的变化,而汉语动词却没有对等的表现形式,
翻译是增加一些表示时体和语气的词才行。
一、修辞,逻辑,意义等方面的需要。
(1))英语中有些动词用作不及物动词时,宾语常隐含在动词后面,译成汉语时往往需要把他表达出来增补汉语动词:Amplification of Chinese verbs.
Eg: A: There were no speech no foreign diploments, no ordinary Chinese with paperflags and bouguets of flowers.
没有(发表)讲话,没有各国外交官(到场),也没有普通中国人(挥舞)纸旗花来的场面。
B: He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
他没有(致)闭幕词就(宣布)结束会议。
(adding verbs “致” and “宣布”)
C: After the banquets the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor, h e went h ome tiredly.
在参加宴会,出席音乐会,观看乒乓球表演后,他疲惫的回家了。
(2)增补汉语副词。为表达原文意思,有些动词在一定场合可以根据上下文增加适当的副词。
Eg: A: As he sat down and began talk ,words pound out.
他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝的讲个没完。
B: I had a imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.
原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表现,但是现在看来,这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道,来断定是不是自己亲生的。
(3)增补汉语名词:英语中有些动词用作不及物动词是,宾语常隐含在动词后面,译成
汉语时往往需要把他表达出来。
Eg: A: Many washed for a living after her husband dired of acute pneumonia.
马丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后,就靠(洗衣服)来维持生活。
B: He allowed the husband to be overrulea by the juage and decl ared his wife guilty.
他让法官的(职责)战胜了丈夫的角,而判决他妻子有罪。
(4)增补汉语语气词Add Chinese model particles
Eg: A: Don’t take it .Seriousely, I’m just making fun of you.
不要认真嘛!我不过开开玩笑罢了。
B: The eyes were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and underfeated.
那双眼啊!像海水一样的颜,愉快而毫不沮丧。
这是朱总理在全国人大三次会议闭幕之际举行的中外记者招待会上说的一句话。很明显,朱总理的原话中省略了“我了解到,幼树经过......"这几个字的含义。这完全是受汉语承前省略的影响。如果英译时完全对等处理,不对这句话进行逻辑整理,不在英语中添加被省略的部分,恐怕英文听众就要费一番周折才能理解总理的原话了。所幸的是口译员对这一省略现象做出了及时反应,在译语中补充了“I learned that"以及“for the infant trees”这些成分。同时,为了使译语在不违背原话的基础上更有逻辑性,该译员在翻译逗号前面一部分时合情合理地加上了“trees(树木)”一词,这样就使逗号前后两部分在逻辑上的联系就更加紧密了。
(5)增补词语以适应英语句子的修辞要求
修辞加词主要是通过增加总括性的词和润性的词对翻译出来的句子从修辞上进一步润,以提高译文的质量,使之具有准确、鲜明、生动的特点。
A:The works on display a reall in oil,with a bold,advenur us use of color.
参展的作品均为油画,浓墨重彩,不拘一格。
总括或概括是汉语中的一种修辞方式,即语段中次要的信息在前,重要的信息在后,最重要的信息置于末尾。有时,具有概括性的最重要的信息往往隐含在字里行间,所以英译汉时需要增加总括性强的词语来传递原文的信息,变无形为有形,给读者以完美之感。例9中增加的“不拘一格”这几个词即属此列。译者用这一为汉语读者熟悉的成语对各具特的参展作品进行了概括,读来使人觉得清晰。
(6)英语名词的复数汉译时可以根据情况,增加重叠词,数词,或其他一些词来表达,这样可以提高修辞效果。例如:
Eg: A: Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花满园盛开。
B: Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.
请注意,“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要可以解释。
C: He showed me the scars on his legs.
他让我看他双腿上的道道伤疤。
D: The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝长影。
E: When she came to ,she saw smiling faces aroud her.
她苏醒过来,看着周围一张张笑脸。
F: They drove in a black limousine; past groves of birch-trees and endless rows of indentical building.
他们乘坐一辆黑轿车,经过一丛丛的白桦树和看不到尽头的一排排式样相同的新住宅。
增译:将原文的复数名词“groves”译成“一丛丛”将”rows”译成“一排排”,使译文增
加修辞效果。
(7)添加必要的连接词语
英语中的必要连词和从属连词大都是以单个单词形式出现,而汉语中的联合连词和偏正连词的使用大都成双成对。因此,在将英语译成汉语时,应将汉语连词补充完整。如:if...,…如果,…那么;…because因为…所以。Although虽然…,但是;unless除非;…(否则)就…。
Eg: A:Heated.water will change into vapor.水如受热,就会汽化。
B: However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed,some heat escapes and is lost.
虽然锅炉壳与蒸气管是严密封闭的,然而还是有一部分热损耗。
C: Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
因为空气具有重量,所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。
D: Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.
他除非努力学习,否则就永远不能考及格。
(8)从语法和修辞连贯考虑增词:
语的各种时态在翻译成汉语时需要你增词处理。比如,从修辞考虑,汉语喜欢用组词结构,翻译英语的系表结构,动宾结构时应当注意汉语的折中表达方法。
Eg: A:We won’t retreat;we never have and never will.
weight是什么词我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,我们将来也决不后退。
B: This printer is indeed cheep and fine.
这部打印机真实物美价廉。
C: While in Europe,the tourists enjoyed to their heats ,content the weather,the food and the