词类转译法
通过一学期对于笔译基础这门课的学习,受益匪浅,受益良多。从开始对笔译感念的模糊到开始动手翻译,从中学到的东西非常多。了解到了笔译并不是简简单单字面翻译那么简单,需要了解和掌握的技巧也不是一朝一夕就能练成的。必须通过自己学习的积累和老师给予的建议指导来提高在笔译方面的能力。我想,这条学习的道路还是个漫长的过程。但,这一学期所学到的知识也足够我们深刻的揣摩和仔细体会。以下是对于词类转译法部分知识的疏理和理解。
词类转译法(conversion)在翻译过程中尤为重要,首先来介绍词类转译法的定义。其定义为:在翻译时,由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异,在保证原文意思不变的情况下,译文必须改变词类,这就叫词类转移法,又叫转换法,转译法。
在词类转译法中重要的一类为英语名词的转译。首先介绍由英语名词转译为汉语动词。名词化(nominalization)成为英语使用中的普遍现象,构成了静态为主的语言特征。而汉语是逻辑性语言,不受动词形态变化的约束,使用较多的动词,形成了明显的动态优势。英译汉的过程就是在译文中强化原文动态彩的过程,常常需要英语名词转换成汉语动词。
一.英语名词转译为汉语动词。
1)由动词派生的名词转译成动词,在政论文体中出现比较多。如:
1.The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist. (1967年联合国文件要求在以列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。)
2.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. (火箭已经用来探索宇宙。)
2)含有动作意味的名词(在记叙、描写文体中出现较多)往往可以转译成动词。如:
1.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. (看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。)
2.A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. (从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。)
3)英语中有些加后缀-er的名词,如teacher教师,thinker思想家等等,有时在句中并不指其身份和职业,而是含有较强的动作意味,在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时,往往可以译成动词。如:
1.I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. (我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。) 2.Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings. (在和儿子谈话时,老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。) 3)作为习语
主体的名词往往可以转译成动词,如:
1.They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness. (他们最后看了铁麦克一眼--它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。
2.The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the
demonstration. (下一个新闻节目比通常短,没有提到游行。)
二.英语名词转译为汉语的形容词。
1)容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词
1. The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。
2. The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖,好极了。
3. He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. 他同邦迪谈了一会,他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。We are deeply convinced of the
4. Correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursue it. 我们深信这一政策是正确的,并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。
2)有些名词加不定冠词作表语时,往往可以转译成形容词。如:
1. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这城市完全陌生,所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。
2. The blockade was a success. 封锁很成功。
3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。
4. Exchange of ideas is of vital necessity. 思想交流是十分必要的。
5.He covered his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality.他用热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去。
6. It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。(作表语的名词转译)
7.I have always wondered at the passion many people have of going abroad.我在想,为什么许多人对出国如此热衷?
三.英语形容词转译为汉语的动词。
英语形容词的转译也非常的重要。英语形容词翻译成汉语的动词,可译成汉语动词的形容词大多是表达知觉、情感和欲望的形容词。有些形容词是当主语补足语用的,例如在be动词的后面,这时可以根据意思翻译成相应的汉语动词。例如
1.If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible
for us to study nuclear physics. 如果不了解原子的结构,我们就不可能研究核物理学。
intact是什么意思2.Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save her life.  医
生说他们不敢肯定能否救她一命。
3.I am sure they will win the basketball game. 我相信他们将打赢这场篮
球赛。
4.The couple is fond of modern music. 这对夫妇喜欢现代音乐。
四.形容词转译成名词
1)加有定冠词的形容词,表示一类人或物的转译为汉语名词。例如:
1.Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人,热爱并保护穷人。
2. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力去帮助病人和伤员。
3.The old believe everything, the middle-aged suspect everything, the young know everything. —— Oscar Wilde 老年人什么都相信,中年人什么都怀疑,少年人什么都懂。—王尔德(1854-1900)
4. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant------but soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有风度,但很软弱。
5. They were considered insincere. 他们被人认为是伪君子。
6. Ice is not as dense as water. 冰的密度比水小。
五.英语的副词翻译成汉语的动词
1)英语的有些副词,如on, in, off, over, up, out等,当它们在作句子的主语补足语、宾语补足语,或其他句子成分的时候,可以根据它在句子中的意思,翻译成汉语的动词。
1. The performance is on.演出已经开始。
2.The oil in the tank is up.油箱里的油已经用完。
3.After careful investigation they found the design behind.经过仔细研究,他们发现这个设计落后了。
4.他们的试验已经结束了。Their experiment has been over.
5.今天晚上演什么?What’s on tonight?
6.让我进去。Let me in.
六.名词与副词的互相转译
1)名词转译成副词
1. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。
2.The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy(礼貌,谦恭)of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民,获得了他们的一些好感。
3.It is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.我们很高兴地看到,我国的造船工业正在蓬勃发展。
2) 副词转译成名词
1.They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.但是,他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。
2.He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱,但思想健康。
3.Such magnetism, because it is electrically produced, is called electromagnetism.由于这种磁性产生于电,所以称为电磁。
七.介词转译成动词
1."Coming!" Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch."来啦!"她转身蹦着跳着地跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。
2. I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea. 我笔直向前高速飞行,越过港口,飞临海面。
以上是对于词类转译法的一些总结和知识的疏理。通过一段时间的学习,对笔译有了更深的了解。并且再次进行巩固,能提高对这一部分的掌握程度。也希望在以后的学习过程中能学到更多新的知识,尽自己最大的努力把笔译这门课学好,并很好的运用到学习、生活、以及工作中。