时间简史05｜基本粒子和自然的力（中英文）
Elementary Particles and the Forces of Nature
第五章　基本粒子和自然的力
Aristotle believed that all the matter in the universe was made up four bsic elements,earth,air,fire,and water. These elements were acted on by two forces: gravity,the tendency for earth and water to sink, and levity, the tendency for air and fire to rise. This division of the contents of the universe into matter and forces is still used today.
亚里士多德相信宇宙中的所有物质是由四种基本元素即土、空气、火和水组成的。有两种力作用在这些元素上：引力，这是指土和水往下沉的趋势；浮力，这是指空气和火往上升的倾向。将宇宙的内容分割成物质和力的这种做法一直沿袭至今。
Aristotle believed that matter was continuous, that is, one could divide a piece of matter into smaller and smaller bits without any limit: one never came up against a grain of matter that could not be divided further. A few Greeks, however, such as Democritus, held that matter
was inherently grainy and that everything was made up of large numbers of various different kinds of atoms. (The word atom means “indivisible” in Greek.) For centuries the argument continued without any real evidence on either side, but in 1803 the British chemist and physicist John Dalton pointed out that the fact that chemical compounds always combined in certain proportions could be explained by the grouping together of atoms to form units called molecules. However, the argument between the two schools of thought was not finally settled in favor of the atomists until the early years of this century. One of the important pieces of physical evidence was provided by Einstein. In a paper written in 1905, a few weeks before the famous paper on special relativity, Einstein pointed out that what was called Brownian motion – the irregular, random motion of small particles of dust suspended in a liquid – could be explained as the effect of atoms of the liquid colliding with the dust particles.
亚里士多德认为物质是连续的，也就是说，人们可以将物质无限制地分割成越来越小的小块，即人们永远不可能得到一个不可再分割下去的最小颗粒。然而有几个希腊人，例如德漠克里特，则坚持物质的固有的颗粒性，而且认为每一件东西都是由不同种类的大量的原
子所组成（在希腊文中原子的意义是“不可分的”）。争论一直持续了几个世纪，任何一方都没有任何实际的证据。直至1803年英国的化学家兼物理学家约翰·道尔顿指出，化合物总是以一定的比例结合而成的。这一事实可以用来解释所谓分子的单元是由原子组成的。然而，直到本世纪初这两种学派的争论才以原子论的胜利而告终。爱因斯坦提供了一个重要的物理学证据。1905年，在他关于狭义相对论的著名论文发表前的几周，他在所发表的另一篇文章里指出，所谓的布朗运动——悬浮在液体中的尘埃小颗粒的无则规的、随机的运动——可以解释为液体原子和灰尘粒子碰撞的效应。
By this time there were already suspicions that these atoms were not, after all, indivisible. Several years previously a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, J. J. Thomson, had demonstrated the existence of a particle of matter, called the electron, that had a mass less than one thousandth of that of the lightest atom. He used a setup rather like a modern TV picture tube: a red-hot metal filament gave off the electrons, and because these have a negative electric charge, an electric field could be used to accelerate them toward a phosphor-coated screen. When they hit the screen, flashes of light were generated. Soon it was realized that these electrons must be coming from within the atom
s themselves, and in 1911 the New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford finally showed that the atoms of matter do have internal structure: they are made up of an extremely tiny, positively charged nucleus, around which a number of electrons orbit. He deduced this by analyzing the way in which alpha-particles, which are positively charged particles given off by radioactive atoms, are deflected when they collide with atoms.
当时已经有人怀疑这些原子终究不是不可分割的。几年前，一位剑桥大学三一学院的研究员汤姆逊演示了一种称为电子的物质粒子存在的证据。电子所具有的质量比最轻原子小1000倍。他使用了一种和现代电视显像管相当类似的装置：由一根红热的金属细丝发射出电子，由于它们带负电荷，可用一电场去将其加速飞到一个涂磷光物质的屏幕上。电子一打到屏幕上就会产生一束束的闪光。人们很快即意识到，这些电子必须从原子里出来。英国物理学家恩斯特·卢瑟福在1911年最后证明了物质的原子确实有内部结构：它们是由一个极其微小的带正电荷的核以及围绕着它转动的一些电子组成。他是根据从放射性原子释放出的带正电荷的α粒子和原子碰撞会引起的偏折这一现象，以及分析了此偏折的方式后而推出这一结论的。
At first it was thought that the nucleus of the atom was made up of electrons and different numbers of a positively charged particle called the proton, from the Greek word meaning “first,” because it was believed to be the fundamental unit from which matter was made. However, in 1932 a colleague of Rutherford’s at Cambridge, James Chadwick, discovered that the nucleus contained another particle, called the neutron, which had almost the same mass as a proton but no electrical charge. Chadwick received the Nobel Prize for his discovery, and was elected Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (the college of which I am now a fellow). He later resigned as Master because of disagreements with the Fellows. There had been a bitter dispute in the college ever since a group of young Fellows returning after the war had voted many of the old Fellows out of the college offices they had held for a long time. This was before my time; I joined the college in 1965 at the tail end of the bitterness, when similar disagreements forced another Nobel Prize – winning Master, Sir Nevill Mott, to resign.
最初，人们认为原子核是由电子和不同数量的带正电的叫做质子的粒子所组成。质子是由希腊文中的“第一”演化而来的，因为质子被认为是组成物质的基本单位。然而，卢瑟福在剑
generated桥的一位同事詹姆斯·查德威克在1932年发现，原子核还包含另外称为中子的粒子，中子几乎具有和质子一样大的质量但没有带电荷；查德威克因此而获得诺贝尔奖，并选为剑桥龚维尔和凯尔斯学院（我即为该学院的研究员）院长。后来，他因为和其他人不和而辞去院长的职务。一战后回来的年轻的研究员将许多已占据位置多年的老研究员选掉后，曾有过一场激烈的辩论。这是在我去以前发生的；在这场争论尾声的1965年我才加入该学院，当时另一位获诺贝尔奖的院长奈维尔·莫特爵士也因类似的争论而辞职。
Up to about thirty years ago, it was thought that protons and neutrons were “elementary” particles, but experiments in which protons were collided with other protons or electrons at high speeds indicated that they were in fact made up of smaller particles. These particles were named quarks by the Caltech physicist Murray Gell-Mann, who won the Nobel Prize in 1969 for his work on them. The origin of the name is an enigmatic quotation from James Joyce: “Three quarks for Muster Mark!” The word quark is supposed to be pronounced like quart, but with a k at the end instead of a t, but is usually pronounced to rhyme with lark.