分清题目是那个报表里的概念,则答案也该也是想要报表里的概念
一、收入表(不包含和股东的交易)
从股东手里得到或者发放利益给股东的部分不用于计算income
Non-recurring items(考虑频率):
Discontinued operations(不影响营业利润):  measurement date, phaseout period.
在measurement date公司就要对其进行估计它的Income or loss (税后) 在income statement里分开,之前的income statement 要重算(它的Income of loss  要在income statement里分开),在销售没有结束前,gains不能计入。
Unusual or infrequent items(影响营业利润): 包含在Incomes from Continuing operations and reported before tax.
Extraordinary items(不影响营业利润):
U.S.GAAP: 它的Income or loss (税后) 要在income statement里分开
IFRS: 不允许在income statement里分开
对原有错误会计方法的订正(Prior-period adjustment)或改变使用的财务标准要回溯计算后表示在当期的报表中。改变对财产的估计,不要求回溯。
EPS:
使用月份(从可转化证券发行开始算)加权平均后拖欠股息的股数;
被公司回购后的股票无需计算;
Dilutive EPS:
首先判断是否是Dilutive,计算后主要和Basis EPS比较大小;
期权行使的计算:相当于在总资产不便的情况下,市场上增加的股数;
净收入是已经计算过利息,所以在算可转换债是要将利息加回去(税后)。
Commone-size income statement: 其中Tax和ruvenue的比率的值意义不大,意义比较大
的是tax和毛利的比率(effective tax rate)
Other Comprehensive income: P74
二、资产负债表(包含和股东的交易)
由于衡量公司的liquidity, solvency the ability to pay dividends
无法估计价值的A或者L不在balance sheet里体现。
Goodwill: 如果inpaired,loss要在income statement 里体现,同时自己在balance sheet里也要体现其价值的降低;margin rate
Financial assets:
Held-to-maturity securities: Amortized cost
Trading securities: fair value, mark-to-market,所的分红和gains or loss 都计入income statement
Available-for-sale securities:fair value,分红计入income statement,gains or loss 计入Other comprehensive income
Owners equity: contributed capital, preferred stock, treasury stock, retained eatning, non-controlling interest and accumulated other comprehensive income.
购买其他公司的股票的投资,不能算是noncontrolling interest
三、现金流表:
由于衡量公司的liquidity, solvency and financial flexibility
非现金投资和金融活动不记录在现金流表中,但是体现在现金流表的fooenote和supplemental schedule中;
两个标准里CFO的归类的不同
CFO
直接法:原始数据,
由间接法转化:
Cash collections from cunstomers: sale—减去应收账款的变化(间接法中的数据)--加上预付款的变化(资产负载表)
Cash payments to suppliers:COGS—扣除所有非现金的成本—减去应付账款的变化—加上存货的变化—减去write-off的存货
间接法:从net income—扣除在CFI和CFF中的得失—加上所有非现金的成本--减去所有非现金的所得—调整与营业相关的财产(增加财产则现金流出,减少财产则现金流入)--调整与运营相关的负载(负债增加则现金流入,减少负债则现金流出);
用balance sheet里的现金财产的变化检查总现金流的计算是否准确。
FCFF=NI+NCC+[Int*(1-tax rate)]-FCInv-WCinv=CFO+[Int*(1-tax rate)]- FCInv
FCInv为在固定仪器上的净投入
FCFE=CFO- FCInv+net borrowing
Performance Ratios
Cash flow-to-revenue, cash return-on-assets ratio, cash return-on-equity ratio,
Cash-to income ratio, cash flow per share: P127
Coverage Ratio
Debt coverage ratio, Interest coverage ratio, reinvestment ratio, debt payment ratio, investing and financing ratio. P127
四、报表分析
Activity Ratios(利用资产的效率):
Receivables Turnover, days of sales outstanding;
Inventory turnover, days of inventory on hand;
Payables turnover, number of days of payables;
Total asset turnover, fixed asset turnover, working capital turnover;
Liquidity Ratios:
Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Cash Ratio;
Defensive interval, cash conversion cycle
Solvency Ratios:
Debt-to-equity, debt-to-capital, debt-to-assets, financial leverage;
interest coverage, fixed charge coverage;
只有产生利息的才能计入debt
Profitability Ratios:
Net profit margin, gross profit margin, operating profit margin, pretax margin;
Return on assets, operating return on assets, return on total capital,
Return on equity, return on common equity;
Valuation Ratios(用于比较不同公司间股票的价值)
EPS, price-to-earnings, price-to-sales, price-to-book value, price-to-cash-flow
Dupont 等式,分析企业
ROE=net profit margin*assets turnover* financial leverage
=tax burden*interest burden*EBIT margin*asset turnover* financial leverage
Tax burden=1 – tax rate
说明高的financial leverage不一定带来高的ROE,因为它的interest burden也相应提高;
高的税率则一定带来低的ROE
Dividend payout ratio, Retention Rate (RR)=1-dividend payout ratio, g=ROE*RR
Net income per employee, Growth in same-store sales, Sales per square foot;
信用分析:interest coverage,interest coverage,debt-to-assets, cash flow-to-debt
预测未来收入的入手点是sale的预测
五、存货:
允许中途改变存货成本的计算方法,但是要求要回溯
inventory turnover, gross profit, inventory balance用于评价公司的存货管理
高的存货周转率结合高的销售增长率才能说明是好的,单一的存货周转率说明不了问题
COGS=开始存货+买入存货-剩余存货
Product cost, period cost(不计入存货成本)
Periodic inventory system, perpetual inventory system
LIFO:较好的估算了COGS;
高COGS, inventory turnover, 低gross profit, inventory balance(通胀,存货量不减少),
由于交的税少,因此具有比较高的CFO;
使assest、income、equite变少
FIFO:较好的估算了存货的值
低COGS, inventory turnover, 高gross profit, inventory balance,(通胀,存货量不减少),
六、Long-live asscets