英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习
一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：
主语 (Subject)
是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
（三）谓语
谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
The plane took off at ten o’clock.
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：
We are students.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
（四）表语
表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。
常见的系动词有
状态系动词
可用来表示主语性质或状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（表示主语的身份－－性质）
He is ill. 他病了。（表示主语的状态）
持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
（五）宾语
宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：
He sent the novel to William yesterday.
For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：
She bought a gift for her mother.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：
They elected him their monitor.
下列动词只能接不定式做宾语
ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.
下列动词只能接动名词做宾语
admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：
John has admitted breaking the window .
下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。
（六）宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。
（七）定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。
(八）状语
sort of admit修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语.
（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任.
简单句的五个基本句型
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches.
主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 She likes English.
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语 She is happy．
主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 She gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
（ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）
Exercises
分析下列句子成分
1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．
7. I love you more than her，child ． 8. Tees turn green when spring comes.
9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.
12.All the students think highly of his teaching
13. We need a place twice larger than this one.
14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．
16.We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．
18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives a lonely life.
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.
24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
发表评论