第12章写作教学
Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1. It is necessary to engage the students in some act of _____ when teaching writing. 【答案】communication
【解析】写作教学中有必要让学生参与一些交际活动。
2. The three stages in the training of writing include controlled writing, _____ writing and _____ writing.
【答案】guided/ parallel/ half-controlled，free/ independent
【解析】写作训练的三个阶段包括控制性写作、指导性写作、自由写作。
3. In order to motivate students, teachers should advocate _____ writing, that is, ask our students to write things we write in reality or things they want to write about. 【答案】authentic
【解析】为激励学生，教师应鼓励真实写作（authentic writing），即请学生写现实中的事物或自己想写的事物。
4. An _____ usually illustrates the main organising structure and the most important points of the essay.
【答案】outline
【解析】提纲通常表明文章的主体结构和要点。
5. Editing is the stage when students read through their writings and check the clarity of ideas or the logical development of their arguments. Editing may take two forms: _____ and self-editing.
【答案】peer editing
【解析】编辑是指学生通读作品，检查观点是否明确，条理是否清晰的阶段。它有两种形式：同伴评审和自我评审。
6. _____ is the stage when teachers guide students to make necessary improvements in both organisation and _____ based on either self-editing or peer editing, e. g. adding new points or deleting irrelevant facts, and correcting errors in spelling, punctuation, _____ or choice of words.
【答案】Revising，contents，grammar
【解析】修改是指基于同伴评审或自我评审，教师带领学生对结构和内容进行必要的改进，如增加新的观点，删除无关的事实，改正拼写、标点、语法或措辞方面的错误。
7. Brainstorming can be done _____ or in pairs or groups of students. In a brainstorming session, students list all the _____ they can think of related to a topic, either in writing or _____, quickly and without much _____.
【答案】individually，ideas (words, concepts)，aloud (speaking, etc)，planning (thinking)
【解析】头脑风暴可以采用个人、两人组或小组的形式。在头脑风暴阶段，学生写出他们能想到的与话题有关的所有观点（或单词、概念），不论是写下来还是说出来。这个过程是快速的，没有太多的计划
（或思考）。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following way does NOT help teachers motivate students to write?
A. Give students a few topics so that they can choose what they want to write about.
B. Hold a class discussion on the topic before writing.
C. Organise class presentations or group presentations to allow students to share their writings.
D. Give a mark or words like ‘good’ or ‘very good’.
【答案】D
【解析】鼓励学生写作的方式有多种，如为学生提供几个可供选择的话题，给学生留有想象和创造的空间，针对所给话题举行班级讨论；既鼓励个人写作也鼓励合作写作；通过班级展示或小组展示分享学生作品，做建设性评价而不是仅仅给分数或评“优”“良”等。因此，本题正确答案为D。
2. Which of the following statement about writing is true?
A. As to the way we write, writing can be both collaborative and solitary.
B. If writing tasks focus on the product rather than on process, they help students
to develop real writing skills.
C. Mechanical writing activities by themselves motivate students.
D. Many writing tasks have a communicative element.
【答案】A
【解析】写作既可以合作（collaborative），也可以独作（solitary）。如果写作任务专注于结果而不是过程，那就不能帮助学生发展实际的写作技能。机械的写作活动（mechanical writing activities）本身并不能激励学生。许多写作任务没有交际成分（communicative element）。因此，本题正确答案为A。
Ⅲ. True or False
1. The process-oriented approach to writing pays great attention to the accuracy of the final product but ignores the process, which the students go through to reach the final goal.
【答案】F
【解析】以结果为导向的方法（the product-oriented approach）关注作品的精确性，但是忽略写作的过程。
2. The process-oriented approach does not pay attention to what students do while they are writing; it attaches great importance to the content before they start writing and after they finish writing.
【答案】F
【解析】以过程为导向的方法（the process-oriented approach）不仅仅关注学生在写作时的表现，也重视学生在写作前和完成写作后的表现。
3. Writing in ELT classroom (also as homework) is often seen as a means to consolidate language that
is recently studied. Very often the students write from someone else’s ideas. This kind of writing is seen as ‘writing as language learning’.
【答案】T
【解析】英语作为外语教学的课堂习作以及家庭作业中的写作常常被视为巩固最近所学语言知识的手段。学生常常根据其他人的观点来写。这种写作被看作是语言学习的写作。
4. It is important to note that editing is not simply to fin d error about one’s or others’ writing, but to negotiate meaning and improving writing.
【答案】T
【解析】编辑不仅仅是发现自己或他人写作中的错误，更是交流作品表达的意思以及提高作品质量的方式。
5. One point which is extremely important for teachers to keep in mind is that a teacher’s attitude can influence students’ confidence and motivation to write. So during the teacher-student conferencing, teachers need to encourage rather than criticise, be constructive rather than destructive and try their best to protect student s’ self-esteem.
【答案】T
【解析】教师的态度会影响学生的自信和写作的动机。在师生对话中，教师应该鼓励学生而
不是批评学生，提供有建设性的意见而不是破坏性的意见，并且尽力维护学生的自尊心。
6. Brainstorming often results in a list of ideas, however, these ideas are not necessarily all useful or related to one another. Mapping will give students the opportunity to select from the list those useful ideas to be included in their writing and also to see how these ideas can be put together in a coherent or logical way to present a convincing argument.
【答案】T
【解析】头脑风暴（brainstorming）常常会产生一系列的观点，但是这些观点并非都是有用的或彼此相关的。规划（mapping）让学生从这一系列观点中选出有用的那部分，并观察如何将它们连贯地逻辑地组合起来去呈现一个有力的论点。
7. In order to make the teaching of writing effective, teachers should guide the students through the process of writing.
【答案】T
【解析】为了使写作教学有效，教师的指导应贯穿于学生写作的始终。
( ) 8. A communicative approach motivates students to write authentic contents that have some communicative elements.
【答案】T
【解析】交际法鼓励学生写的内容真实且带有交际元素。