第7章语法教学
Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1. When teaching grammar, mechanical practice involves activities that aim at _____. In meaningful practice, the focus is on the _____.
【答案】form accuracy/ correct form，production
【解析】对于教授语法，机械练习活动的目标是正确的形式。有意义的练习关注的是（学生）产出（正确的形式）。
( ) 2. There are different ways of presenting grammar in the classroom. Among them, three are most frequently used and discussed; they are the _____ method, the inductive method, and the _____ method.
【答案】deductive，guided discovery
【解析】在课堂中，常见的语法呈现方式有三种，即演绎法（the deductive method）、归纳法（the inductive method）和引导发现法（the guided discovery method）。
3. In practice, learner variables and _____ variables need to be considered when teachers decide which method to use in presenting a particular grammatical structure. Whatever methods you use, Ur reminds us that the presentation should not take longer than _____ minutes.
【答案】instructional，five
【解析】在教学实践中，语法结构的呈现方式要考虑学习者因素和教学因素。Ur指出，无论采用什么方法，呈现的时间不应超过五分钟。
4. In recent years, when discussing some new approaches to teaching grammar, Pennington proposes a _____ approach to grammatical pedagogy. Pennington emphasized that grammar teaching should be collocational, _____, _____ and contrastive, which can serve as useful guidelines for teaching grammar.
【答案】synthesis，constructive，contextual
【解析】彭宁顿提出语法教学的综合方法，他强调语法教学应该是搭配性的（collocational）、结构性的（constructive）、语境的（contextual）、对比的（contrastive），这可以作为语法教学的指导原则。
5. As grammatical competence cannot be attained solely through exposure to the target language or meaningful input, there is a need for meaningful practice and communicative use of the _____ taught so that students can be helped to achieve both accuracy and _____ in language use.
【答案】structure，fluency
【解析】语法能力不能仅仅通过接触目的语或有效的输入而获得，因而有必要对教授的语法结构（structure）进行有意义的练习及交际性的使用，以便帮助学生同时获得语言使用的准确度（accuracy）和流利度（fluency）。
6. By doing mechanical practice, the students pay repeated attention to a key
element in a structure. _____ and _____ drills are most frequently used in mechanical practice.
【答案】Substitution，transformation
【解析】替换和转化练习是机械式练习中最常用的方式。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following view about the role of grammar is most probably true?
A. Grammatical competence is not essential for communication.
B. There is often an adequate treatment of grammar in most communicative
syllabuses.
C. Grammar teaching cannot enhance learner proficiency.
D. There is a positive role of instruction for grammar learning.
【答案】D
【解析】研究者认为语法能力对于交际必不可少；多数交际课程对语法没有给予足够的重视。研究者还发现语法教学可以提高学习者的语言水平。许多研究者认为，教学对语法学习有积极作用。因此，本题正确答案为D。
2. Which of the following is true about the ways of presenting grammar in the classroom?
A. In the inductive method, sometimes comparisons are made between the
native language and the target language.
B. In the deductive method, the teacher provides learners with authentic
language data.
C. The guided discovery method is similar to the inductive method in that the
students are induced to discover rules by themselves.
D. The inductive method is often criticised because little attention is paid to
meaning.
【答案】C
【解析】演绎法（the deductive method）会对母语和目的语之间作比较。因为没有对意义给予足够的关注，演绎法常受到批评。对于归纳法（the inductive method），教师会给学习者提供真实的语料。引导发现法（the guided discovery method）和归纳法有相似之处，两者都引导学生自己发现语法规则。因此，本题正确答案为C。
3. Which of the following statement is true about Pennington’s synthesis approach to grammatical pedagogy?
A. The focus is on how the speaker and hearer create and negotiate meaning in
that social and cultural context.
B. More teaching time should be devoted to higher order grammatical rules.
C. Elements and structures are not taught in relation to their context.
D. G rammar involves drawing the learner’s attention to contrast the differences
between the target language and other languages.
【答案】A
【解析】彭宁顿提出语法教学的综合方法。在该方法中，更多的教学时间应用于词汇和相关语篇的语义结构而不是高难度的语法规则。语法结构和成分的教学需结合语境。教学的重点
是说话者和听话者在社会和文化语境中怎样创造和沟通意义。语法涉及到吸引学习者注意比较目的语和其他语言的不同。因此，本题正确答案为A。
4. Which of the following statement is true about grammar practice?
A. When doing transformation drills, the students also need to change the forms
of the given prompts.
B. In substitution drills, the students change a given structure in a way so that
they are exposed to another similar structure.
C. In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or
exchange of meaning.
D. An activity cannot have elements of both mechanical and meaningful practice. 【答案】C
【解析】替换练习（substitution drills）要求学生改变所给提示的形式。做转换练习（transformation drills）要求学生按照一定的方式改变所给结构从而得到相似结构。有意义的练习（meaningful practice）的重点是意义的产出、理解或交换。语法活动可以同时包含机械式练习（mechanical practice）和有意义练习的成分。因此，本题正确答案为C。
Ⅲ. True or False
1. In grammar teaching, the inductive method and the deductive method are frequently adopted. When teaching an evident grammatical rule, the teacher provided enough examples and then asked the students to generalize the rule. In this case, he used the deductive method.
【答案】F
【解析】语法教学常常采用归纳法和演绎法。运用归纳法时，教师先给出语法规则，然后举例说明。运用演绎法时，教师先给出例子，然后请学生总结语法规则。
2. It is believed that teaching grammar is less important for children than for adults, and it is less important in listening and reading than in writing.
【答案】T
【解析】通常认为，语法教学对儿童学习者没有对成年学习者那么重要，在听力和阅读中没有在写作中那么重要。
3. In language learning, there is a distinction made between implicit and explicit knowledge. Implicit knowledge refers to knowledge that unconsciously exists in our mind, which we can make use of automatically without making any effort. 【答案】T
【解析】语言学习中的隐性知识和显性知识之间存在区别。隐性知识是指无意识地存在于头脑中的知识，学习者可以不通过任何努力自如地运用。
4. A constructive grammar would offer learners a way to build elements that can be continually added in sequence. Language use would be instructed as a problem-solving activity carried out in time, with c
ommunicative decisions at one moment linked to those that precede and follow.
【答案】T