动词-ing和-ed形式
分词是非谓语动词的一种，在句中起形容词和副词的作用。可以作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。分词有两种：现在分词(v.-ing)和过去分词(v.-ed)。
分词
语义
例句
动词-ing
主动、  进行
developing country  发展中国家       
Do you know the woman talking to Tom?
动词-ed
被动、 完成
developed country  发达国家
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
分词的句法功能
（一）  作表语
分词
例句
解读
动词-ing
1. His favorite sport
is editor的名词和动词形式playing basketball.
2. The film is exciting.
1. 指一般性、经常性的动作；
2. 令人……的。表示主语所具有的特征或属性。
动词-ed
He was excited at the news.
感到……的。常表示主语的性质或状态。
（二）  作定语 （单个分词做前置定语；分词短语做后置定语）
分词
例句
解读
动词-ing
The young man sitting between John and Mary is an editor. 
被修饰词the young man与分词sitting为逻辑上的主动关系，sit动作正在进行。
动词-ed
The problem discussed yesterday has been solved.
被修饰词the problem与分词discussed为逻辑上的被动关系，discuss动作已经完成。
【注意】
1. 过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成或者只表示完成，如fallen leaves(落叶)。
2. 分词作定语常常相当于一个定语从句。如：
    Those wishing to join this club should sign here.
    = Those who wish to join the club should sign here.
    The man, disturbed(扰乱;使干扰;使不安)  so badly, almost lost his memory.
=The man, who was disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
（三）  作状语
分词
例句
解读
现在分词
Seeing from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.
分词seeing与主语we为逻辑上的主动关系。
过去分词
Seen from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.
分词seen与主语the factory为逻辑上的被动关系。
（四）  作宾语补足语
分词
用法
例句
解读
动词-ing
常跟分词作宾补的动词有感官动词和使役动词，以及其他如keep, find, leave等。
I heard them singing in the classroom.
被修饰词them与分词singing为逻辑上的主动关系。
动词-ed
I will get my hair cut this afternoon.
被修饰词my hair与分词cut为逻辑上的被动关系。
【注意】分词作状语可以转化成相应的状语从句，如：
1. Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
    = After he took a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
2. Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.
    = As/Because/Since he was born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.
3. Given more time, we could do it better.
    = If we were given more time, we could do it better.
4. Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
=When they heard the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
Practice makes perfect!
1.Match the words in bold (1-4) with their functions (a-c).
1)one flowering plant
2)leave one little tap running
3)the world’s best-known expert
4)Inspired by her example, he began to work harder.
5)He was extremely embarrassed about what was happening.
A.attributive
B.adverbial
C.object complement
D.predicative
     
2.Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. What is the function of each verb form?
Last Tuesday, a Roots & Shoots project was set up in my community. As I walked down No. 1 Street, I saw volunteers  1 ____________ (encourage) people to join in. 2 _________
(inspire) by the message of the project, many people felt that we should act now, as we have seen an 3 ___________ (increase) number of highly 4 __________ (pollute) days this year.
While recently, many have become more concerned about environmental protection, there are still some who haven’t, 5 ________ (think) that someone else will deal with the
problem. However, if everybody had that attitude, we would never see any environmental problems 6 ________ (solve) in our society. We should remember — it’s not just “me”!
3. 【语境应用】完成句子。
1)Last night, there were millions of people ________ (watch) the opening  ceremony live on TV.
2)The railway ________ (build) last year connects the village to a large city.
3)It was _________ (surprise) that the shy girl stood up and answered the question.
4)On the bank of the river, we found him ______ (lie) on the bench, with his eyes _______ (fix) on a kite in the sky.
5)________ (hear) the news that they will go on a spring tour, the children jumped with joy.
6)_________ (defeat) in the last match, the host team were determined to win the cup back.
4语法填空综合练习
A
Climate change is bad news for the world’s coral reefs. As global temperatures increase, the world’s glaciers melt, ___41___ （cause） sea levels and ocean temperatures to rise. These conditions have led to coral bleaching（白化） events, ___42___ the coral turns white and slowly dies, unable to survive in its changing environment.
Global sea levels ___43___（expect） to rise about 1.5 feet by 2100, meaning coral reefs will be deeper underwater than they were ___44___（previous）in. The deeper the coral, the less light it receives, and the less ___45___（able） it has to make food. This has potential to change the entire ecosystems of reefs and the marine life they support.
But a new study from a team of ___46___（researcher） at the National University of Sing
apore （NUS） provides a ray of hope. They studied nearly 3,000 corals from 124 species at two reefs off ___47___ coast of Singapore: Pulau Hantu and Raffles Lighthouse. The water where these reefs live is ___48___（cloud）, murky and thick with sediment（沉淀物）.