第九讲 分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词，相当于一个副词或形容词，可以在句中担任表语、定语、状语、补足语。
一 分词的形式和用法
类别
形式
构成
意义
例句
现在分词
一般式
主动doing
主动/进行
所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，与逻辑主语是主动关系。
I hear someone singing an English song in the next room.
Last night, I heard someone singing an English song in the next room.
被动being done
被动/进行
所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，与逻辑主语是被动关系。
The problem being discussed is very important.
The museum being built there will be open to the public next year.
完成式
主动having done主动／完成
所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语是主动关系。
Having done his homework, Tim played chess with his friends.
Having cleaned the classroom, I went home.
被动having been done被动/完成
所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语是被动关系。
Having been shown the library, the visitors were led to the audio-visual lab.
过去分词
done
被动/完成
The letter posted yesterday may reach my parents tomorrow.
比较
having been done 与done 的区别
表示的动作都发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语的关系都是被动
过去分词done不强调时间概念，不像having been done 强调两个动作先后发生，过去分词经常可表示一种完成的状态。
Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
Built more than 800 years ago, the Krimlin is the working place of the Russian president.
Having been surrounded by the flood for over a week, the villagers lacked food and medicine.
否定式
not +分词
She remained silent, not knowing what to say.
Not hearing the bell, the teacher kept on teaching.
二、分词的语法功能 （定状补是高考重点）
成分
形式
意义
例句
1
表
语
在系动词后
现分doing
一般表主动或主语的性质和特征“令人…”,一般修饰物
moving, interesting, encouraging, exciting, inspiring, boring, surprising, puzzling, amusing, astonishing, missing, promising 
The situation is inspiring.            The news is exciting.
过分done
一般表被动或主语所处的状态“感到…”,一般修饰人
Moved, interested, discouraged, amused, astonished, frightened, excited, inspired, pleased, satisfied, worried, delighted, crowded
He looks disappointed.
The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape.
注：有些名词，如look(表情)，expression(表情),虽然不是指人，但是他们是从人的内心表现出来的情感，也用过分做表语
His expression looks puzzled.
典型例题★
①It is believed that if a book is ____, it will surely ____ the reader.
A. interested; interest  B. interesting; be interested  C. interested; be interesting    D. interesting; interest
②Looking at the    flies on the food, the housewife was      and tried to drive them away.
  A. annoying; annoyed    B. annoying; annoying    C. annoyed; annoying  D. annoyed; annoyed
▲ 2
定
语
单个的分词放在名词前，词组放名词之后（可以转换为定从）
现
分
①一般式主动doing
与其逻辑主语间是主动进行关系
He took a burning stick from the fire.
典型例题★
The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell      B. smelling      C. smelt          D. to be smelt
②一般式被动 being done
与其逻辑主语间是被动进行关系
The house being repaired was on fire last night.
注意：
①现在分词作定语时，分词表示的动作是与句子谓语动词同时发生，不能表示位于动词之前发生的动作，即having done不做定语。
如“我要跟那位打碎玻璃窗的男孩谈谈”
(X)I’ll talk withthe boy breaking/ having broken the window”，
当句中谓语动词所表示的动作和现在分词所表示的动作在试讲上不一致时，不讷讷个用分词的一般式。
而要用定语从句“the boy who broke the window.”
②有些分词还可放在形容词前，用法相当于一个副词，等。burning hot, freezing cold
过分
done
与其逻辑主语间是被动完成关系
去分词修饰神态：terrified look，frightened voice
There was a lighted candle at the corner of the table.
Mr Smith is a man greatly respected by his colleagues.
What I saw in the dark is a frightened face.
典型例题★
①Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known      B. having been known    C. to be known    D. known
②The disc, digitally ____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded      B. recording          C. to be recorded          D. having recorded
▲ 3
状
语
常用作时间、原因、条件、结果及伴随状语, 可转换为状从。但是伴随状语不能，可转化为并列句。分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语或分词前面的名词
现
分
①一般式主动
doing
分词的动作和位于动词的动作同时发生
Hearing the news, they jumped for joy. （时间）
=when they heard the news, they jumped for joy.
Being young, he was energetic. （原因）
They sat on the grass, looking at the setting sun. （伴随▲）
= They sat on the grass, and looked at the setting sun
Her parents died, leaving her alone. (▲结果，意料之中显而易见的的结果)
典型例题★
①More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking      B. taken        C. having taken        D. having been taken
②Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____ the girl and took her away, ____ into the
woods.  A. seizing; disappeared        B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing        D. seized; disappearing
②完成式主动
having done
分词的动作限于位于动词发生
Having received the final medical check, the astronauts boarded the spaceship. (时间)
Having lived there for more than half a year, she is familiar with the city.
（原因）
典型例题★
①    that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her. (2007陕西)
A. To have said    B. Having said        C. To say        D. Saying
②___ a reply, he decided to write again. 
A. Not receiving  B. Receiving not  C. Not having received    D. Having not received
③完成式被动having been done
Having been operated on the leg, the patient was moved to the ward.（原因）
典型例题★
around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.( 2008年陕西卷)
A. Having shown      B. To be shown  C. Having been shown    D. To show
过
分
done
被动/完成
典型例题★
Badly injured, the driver lost consciousness. （原因）
Given more time, I could do it better. （条件）
Heated for a while, water will turn into vapor. （条件）
Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ____ alone.
A. seen    B. seeing      C. to be seen  D. having been seen
特殊情况：
①分词作状语，分词短语前有时还可以用连词when, while, if, unless, once, until, though, as if, even though
注：过分作时间状语时，前面的连词可以沈略
If playing all day, you will waste your time.
Don’t mention it when/while talking with Mary.
He will not come unless invited.
Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the ice.
Leave the chicken in the oven until cooked to a brown color.
Mailed out automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.
典型例题★
Though ____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked      B. lacking of      C. lacking      D. lacked in
②有些过分已经形成了系表结构，因此他们做状语时与句子主语之间是逻辑上的主动关系，但是仍然用过分作状语
这类词有 dressed, tired, exhausted, seated, caught, disappointed, prepared, determined, devoted
Lost in thought, she nearly ran into a tree. (原因状语)
典型例题★
After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, ____.
A. exhausting        B. exhausted        C. being exhausted        D. having exhausted
③有的分词短语已经相当于一个固定用语generally speaking,
comparatively speaking,
roughly speaking,
considering, regarding/respecting.
providing, supposing,
assuming, admitting,
judging from/by,
talking of, saving,
Judging from his appearance, he can’t be over forty.
Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls.
Talking of language learning, communication is of great importance.
▲4
补
语
可以跟分词作宾语补足语的常用动词有
see, look at, notice, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel, smell, have, get, set, leave, keep, make, find
现分
一般式主动
doing
正在进行/主动
Mary heard someone knocking at the door.
I found him sitting/seated at the back of the room.
She saw her baby playing with their pet dog.
Don’t worry. I’ll have the car waiting for you.
*The teacher caught him cheating in the exam.
*I won’t have you talking like that.
典型例题★
After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice ____ him.
A. calling    B. called        C. being called        D. to call
一般式被动 being done
正在/被动
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed her room yesterday.
过分
done
已经完成/被动
I didn’t recognize him, because he had his hair cut.
She saw a patient carried out of the room by the doctors.
The policeman noticed the small kitchen window broken.
典型例题★
Though I have often heard this song ______, I have never heard you ______ it. （1987广东）
A. being sung; sung      B. sang; singing    C. sung; sing            D. to be sung; to sing
三 独立主格结构
错句： Walking through the park, the flowers looked beautiful.
→Walking through the park, I saw some beautiful flowers.
错句：Running into the house, the door banged after the boy.
→Running into the house, the boy banged the door.
概念
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语
特点
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
形
式
例句
1名词（代词）+现在分词
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.
典型例题★
So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.
A. were absent  B. been absent      C. had been absent      D. being absent
2名词（代词）+过去分词
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
典型例题★  He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.
A. to cross        B. crossed      C. crossing        D. to be crossing
3名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 
典型例题★  So many people      him, he is sure to succeed.
A. help        B. to help      C. to be helped      D. helped
4名词（代词）+介词短语
(一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词)
A girl came in, book in hand.
比较with的复合结构：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
5名词（代词）+形容词/副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
6 There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
7 It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
可以省略being（或having been的结构
①逻辑主语+being+adj/adv/n./介短/过分
②逻辑主语+having been+过分
③逻辑主语+being+不定式
The old man sat in the sofa, his face (being) serious.
The storm (being) over, everything was in peace again.
The thief (having been) caught, they felt relieved.
They decided to by a car, Mike (being) to pay half the money.
独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：
①独立主格的逻辑主语是代词。
② 在There being＋名词的结构中。
It being Sunday, we went to church.
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
注意：
独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with
Don’t sleep with the windows open.
She came in with a book in her hand.
He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
用
法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1时间状语 (可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。)
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.
2条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
典型例题★
①More time _________, we should have done the job much better.
A. to give          B. give        C. being given        D. given
②We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.
A. permits          B. permitting        C. to permit        D. permitted
3 原因状语
(可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。)
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night
典型例题★The river ____ in the night, the crossing was impossible.
A. to rise        B. rose        C. having risen        D. being risen
4伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).
5补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold).
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
 四 独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法
非谓语
意义
例句
1名词或代词+editor的名词和动词形式不定式
其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor.
典型例题★
An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.
A. to be        B. being        C. been        D. to have been
2 名词或代词+现在分词
其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。
She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.
We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
典型例题★
The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.
A. being        B. to be        C. been        D. to have been
3 名词或代词+过去分词
其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义
Everyone helped, John not excepted.
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.
This done, they next set to clean the room.
典型例题★
All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.
A. considered        B. considering      C. to consider      D. being considered
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