英语翻译补充内容
翻译的方法与技巧
一．翻译的方法
翻译的方法主要分为两大类，即直译与意译。直译是既保持原文内容，又保持原文形式的一种翻译方式，通常在原文与译文的词汇意义、句法结构、文体风格完全一致或基本一致时使用。意译则只保持原文内容，不保持原文形式；当直译的方法不能准确、通顺地表达原文意思时，往往就有必要采用意译。在翻译过程中，一般是能直译就尽量直译，不能直译时再考虑意译。有些句子只能直译（有时须灵活变通）；有些句子直译和意译时有一定差别，应比较使用，选择最佳的表达方式；有的句子根本无法直译，只能意译。须特别注意：直译时不要死译、硬译（mechanically; by rote），意译时不能随意串改或添枝加叶。
请看下列几组句子：
A.
1. I went to Guangzhou yesterday.
2. Her father bought her a pair of tennis shoes. 
3. In ancient times men did not think that the brain was the center of mental activity. 
4. She is old enough to go to school.
5. 我父亲是工人，母亲是农民。
6. 条条大路通罗马。
7. 直到15世纪，中国的科学技术在世界上保持了上千年的领先地位。
8. 中美两国人民的友好交往，已有两百多年的历史。
9. 现在北京人常常有这种感觉：一到过年过节，保姆都回家了，家里没人管孩子，那可不得了了。
B.
10. Birds of a feather flock together.
11. Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.
12. 贵人多忘事。
C.
13. Agues come on horse back, but go away on foot.
14. It is raining cats and dogs. 
15. Laugh off one’s head. 
16. Neither fish nor fowl.(/au/ 鸟，禽)
17. Nothing can be made out of nothing.
18. It is an ill bird that fouls (弄脏、玷污) its own nest.
19. I expected to meet an older man.
以上句子中A组宜采用直译法，其中有些句子须做适当的变通，如第四句就不能生硬地译成“她够老去上学了”，而应译为“她够年龄上学了”或“她到上学年龄了”；第九句可译为“Beijing people often face such a problem: when the housekeepers go back to spend the Chinese New Year and other festivals with their family, nobody can take care of the child, and this causes them quite some trouble.”
B组句子用直译法分别译成“羽毛相同的鸟聚集在一起” ；“有些老人受到死亡恐惧的压迫” ； “Great people often forget things.” 也能让人理解句子的基本意思，但用意译法译成“物以类聚（人以居）” ； “有些老年人因怕死而惶恐不安” ； “Great people are apt to have short /bad memories.” 会更佳。
C组句子则应用意译法来译，否则会让人不知所云，或根本译不通，甚至出现意思错误。这组句子可译成：“病来如山倒，病去如抽丝” ；“下着滂沱大雨” ； “笑掉大牙” ； “不伦不类” ； “巧妇难为无米之炊” ； “家丑不外扬” ； “我没想到你那么年轻”。
练习：
请用最佳方法翻译以下各句：
1. The pilot finished touch and go 10 times in today’s training.   
2. Mary and her husband have been at sixes and sevens since her mother-in-law came to their home last week.
3. They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 
4. The factory has set up only a few years ago, yet its products have found their way to the international market. 
5. She can speak Esperanto (世界语)after a fashion. 
6. I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear what is ahead. For our problems are large, but our heart is larger. Our challenges are great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws (缺点、弊病 ) are endless, God’s love is truly boundless. 
       
1.瞬间完成的事/一触即发的局面/难以预言的事/(飞机)触地后立即起飞；2.乱七八糟/不和；3.
飞快地 5. 勉强， 马马虎虎 6. 怀疑，不信任；前方的困难；大，宽广 ； （面临的），严峻，意志（决心）， 坚定；无数（无穷尽）， 博大无边
二．翻译的基本技巧
第一节 英译汉的基本技巧
1． 根据上下文选择恰当的词义(考虑词在句中的词类、搭配、褒贬彩、语气强弱、语义抽象化或具体化)  (commendation, derogation(/e/ /ou/ /‘ei/); abstraction concretion)
例如，like一词可用作动词、介词、形容词、名词等，意思各不相同： 
I like the white clouds and blue sky in sunny days.
我喜欢晴朗日子里的蓝天白云。
In the sunbeam passing through the window, there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.
在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。
I enjoy music, painting and the like.
我喜欢音乐、画画之类的事情。
Hitler and his like should be responsible for the great disasters of man.
希特勒及其同党应对人类的这些灾难负责。
又如fine, last等词:
I’m fine.  (adj.好)                fine distinction (adj.细微的)
Fine workmanship (adj.精细的)     a fine view (adj.美丽的)
In rain or fine.  (n.晴天)            It will gradually fine. (vi.好转)
He is the last man to come.
他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.
fine是什么意思 他决不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job.
他最不适合做这项工作。
He should be the last man to blame.
怎么也不该怪他。
This is the last place where I expected to see you.
怎么也没想到会在这里见到你。
具体意义→抽象意义，如：
There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.
帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。
Every life has its roses and thorns.
每个人的生活都有苦有甜。
抽象意义→具体意义，如：
The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
我前面的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。   
When you give the criminals the go-ahead, you’re committing crimes.
当你给犯罪分子开绿灯时，你就是在犯罪。
考虑褒贬彩，如：
He was a man of high renown.
他是个有名望的人。
His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
他的流氓恶名是死后才传开的。
By doing this, he earned reputation for himself.
他这样做为自己赢得了好名声。
He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.
他是个正直诚实的人，却不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。