2020-2021学年中考英语重难点题型讲解训练专题10 阅读理解之词义猜测
在中考英语阅读理解的考题中，有一类很常见的题，即词义猜测题，是对学生来说最困难的部分，也是失分最大的一个题型。其实，出题老师在出题的时候，绝不会随意出一个生词来刁难大家，一定是可以根据某个线索推断出来。因此，本课介绍的方法，就是给大家寻线索的方法，帮助大家攻克这类题型。此外，即使不是考题，我们也可能在阅读中遇到生词，会给学生的心理上造成很大障碍。但是如果能够合理地猜测出词义，也会大大增加阅读的效率和准确性。
在阅读的时候，常常会遇到一些生词，影响我们的阅读速度，其实大部分生词的意思都可以通过上下文的关系猜出来，下面就介绍一些猜词的技巧：
1.通过因果关系猜词
通过因果关系猜词，首先是出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because, since, as, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等等）表示前因后果。
例如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault.
通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义，指责、责怪。
2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
如：Tom is lazy but his brother is industrious.
通过同义词猜词，要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如We live a happy and gay life，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是happy意思；
通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but, while, however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即not handsome的意思。
3.通过构词法猜词
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用。此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
如：1) The colors of Hawaii in summer are unforgettable.
2) We want this to be clear so customers are not misinterpreting the information and wasting a lot of food.
  A. paying attention to        B. taking no notice of
  C. making guesses about      D. having a wrong idea about
3) breathless  shorten  beautify  generalize
progressively  continuous  educationist  adaptable
  气喘吁吁的    使…缩短    使…美丽    概括
  不断进步地    持续的      教育家    可适应的
4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.
She is studying glaucoma, a kind of disease on the eyes.burden是什么意思
这种同义或释义关系常由is, or, that is, in other words, be called或破折号等来表示。
5.通过句法功能来推测词义
  例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.
假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系，同属水果。
6.通过描述猜词
描述即为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。
例：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.
从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
7.根据常识来推测
如：Water usually boils at 100 centigrade.
精讲精练
 
【例题1】
Space rubbish is also thought to be a great danger to spacemen．It's reported that there were 9，000 man-made things flying in space．About 30% of these are satellites，10% are spaceships，and the rest are space rubbish．An explosion（爆炸）in space in 1999 m
ade a cloud of 300，000 fragments，each at least 4mm in size．A small piece of these even knocked a spaceship window and caused some damage（损坏）．
The underlined word "fragments" means ____．
A．碎片        B．泡沫        C．烟雾      D．飞碟
【答案】A
【解析】
根据下文中的small piece等，可以看出该词意为"碎片"，故选：A．
【例题2】
No one wants to get up at four o'clock in the morning and fight to get a good deal on Black Friday (the first Friday at Christmas time). It's surely very difficult to pick up the courage and get out there in the cold for a good deal. But sometimes it can be well worth. Many retailers offer specials all through the day. Some even offer online Black Friday specials, so
we may still be able to get a great deal on Black Friday.
The underlined word "specials" in Paragraph 2 means ______．
A．赠品          B．奢侈品        C．特价商品          D．圣诞礼品
【答案】C
【解析】可根据词性变换来推测词义。special作形容词，意思是特殊的，因此转换成名词时，也会和“特殊”这个含义有关。结合文意，文章讨论的和商品有关，因此选C。
【例题3】
Many of the students in my class couldn't act at all. They couldn't even read without making lots of mistakes. I was sure that I would get a big part in the play.
However, the teacher gave me the part of a soldier. He has only one line. It is, “Yes，sir!”
I was very disappointed. At the end of the lesson I went up to her and asked her why I had such a small part.
"You put too much expression in your acting," she said. "Good acting is not big acting. It is acting the audience can believe in."
I think I know what she means．
What does the underlined word "expression" in the passage mean？____
A．表情      B．建议    C．模仿    D．服饰．
【答案】A
【解析】由I put a lot of expression into my acting．I thought I acted really well．我表现得绘声绘．我满以为我是表现得很到位的．可知作者在表演中加入了过多的表情．答案是A，其它不正确。
【练习1】More and more parents leave their home and come into the big cities to make money．But their children can't go with them because their children must go to school in their hometown．They are called home-left children （留守儿童）．The problems of home-left children become more and more serious．And it becomes a big burden of our so
ciety．The main problem is that some home-left children become very lonely when they don't have their parents’ love．And they are too young to tell right or wrong in many things．So they are fooled very easily by others．