副词从句（一）
副词从句（状语从句）是指在句中起副词作用的主谓结构，用从属连词引入。按语义副词从句可分为时间副词从句，地点副词从句，方式副词从句，条件副词从句，原因副词从句，结果副词从句，目的副词从句，比较副词从句，让步副词从句等。副词从句可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面，甚至可以置于主句之间。前置时，从句一般用逗号和主句分开；后置时，从句与主句一般不用逗号分隔；置于句中的副词从句需用逗号与主句分开。
一、时间副词从句
1．由从属连词before, after, since, as, till, until, once, when, whenever, while, now(that), as soon as, as (so) long as等引导的时间副词从句。
e.g. I) Once you object to a man, everything he does is wrong.
一旦你反对一个人，那么他无论坐什么事情都不对。
II) She comes talk to me whenever she feels lonely.
无论她什么时候觉得孤单，她都会来和我聊天。
III) He didn’t get married until he was forty.
他直到四十岁才结的婚。
IV) Now that you have done with your homework, you may have a rest.
现在你作业做完了，可以休息一下了。
【注1】when, while, as的区别
A．这三个词均可表示两个事件同时发生，在时间上没有先后之分。
e.g. I) As (when/while) I was walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of number 37.  当我走在街上的时候，我注意到37号前停了一辆警车。
II) One day, while (when/as) I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap.
一天，我正在玩我的新娃娃，这时，沙利文小把我的大布娃娃放在我的膝上。
B．when可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，既可表示一时性动作，也可表示持续的动作。此外，when有时含有whenever（每当）之义。
e.g. I) When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father.
随着我渐渐长大，当别人看见我和爸爸在一起时，我会觉得很尴尬。
II) When I joined the Navy, he “joined” too.
当我加入海军时，他也“加入”。 （一时性动作）
III) I think of my father when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of another’s good fortune, when I don’t have a “good heart”.
每当我为琐事抱怨的时候，每当我妒嫉别人好运的时候，每当我没有一颗“善
心”的时候，我就想起了我父亲。（句中的三个when均意为whenever）
C．如果谈论同时进行的两个延续性的动作时，常用while。一般时和进行时都可以用。
e.g. I) The oldest boys were working in the field, while the smaller ones were playing near the house. 大男孩们在地里干活，小孩子们在屋子边玩耍。
II) Strike while the iron is hot.  趁热打铁。
D．如果表示两个短暂的动作或两个事件同时发生，最常用的是as。as还可以用来说明两种正在变化的情况。
e.g. I) As the first rays of sunlight filter over the hills of California's silicon valley, Charles Winget opens his eyes.
当清晨第一缕阳光穿过黑暗照射到加州硅谷的山时，查尔斯·温格特睁开了
眼睛。
II) As self-acceptance grows, shyness naturally diminishes.
随着对自我表现的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然消失。
【注2】till，until，not until的异同
A．till和until可以通用。
e.g. We will stay here until / till it stops raining.
我们等到雨停了再走。
B．主句含有否定意思时，till / until含有before的意思，通常译为“直到……才……”，此时until引导的从句通常放在句首，而till引导的从句通常放在句末。
e.g. I) Jones didn’t announce the news till (before) he was sure of it.
直到自己完全确认之后琼斯才公布了这条消息。
II) Until you told me I had no idea of what he said.
直到你告诉我我才知道他说的是什么意思。
C．not until常用于it was not until … that…的强调结构，当not until放在句首时，主句的主谓要倒置，表示加强语气。
e.g. I) It was not until late in the afternoon that her got a call from her husband.
直到下午很晚的时候她才接到她丈夫的电话。
II) Not until Mary had heard the sound was she really frightened.
直到听到那个声音玛丽才真正吓坏了。
2．由名词词组the moment / the minute / the second / the instant（一……就）, every time, each time, next time, the day, the year等引导的时间副词从句。
e.g. I) Stormy applause broke forth the moment she appeared on the stage.
她一在台上出现就响起暴风雨般的掌声。
II) He had impressed me that way the first time I met him.
我第一次碰到他时他就给我这个印象。
III) Every time I listen your advice, I get into trouble.
每一次我听从你的建议都会有麻烦。
3．由副词immediately, directly, instantly等引导的时间副词从句，意思均为“一……就”，“刚刚……就”。
e.g. I) I’ll give you an answer immediately I’ve finished reading your report.
我看完你的报告立即给你答复。
II) The machine will start instantly you press the button.
你一按电钮机器就会启动。
III) Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.
他一说出这些话，大家立刻沉默下来。
4．由关连词no sooner…than，hardly / scarcely / barely…when引导的时间副词从句，意思均为“一……就”，“刚刚……就”。如果no sooner, hardly, scarcely或barely位于句首， 主句要部分倒装。
e.g. I) Mr. Jenkins had hardly/scarcely/barely begun his speech when he was interrupted.
詹金斯先生刚刚开始讲话就被人打断了。
II) No sooner had he entered the room than the bell rang.
他刚走进房间电话就响了。
III) Hardly had he left the room when you came.
他刚走你就来了。
二、原因副词从句
原因副词从句常见的连词是because, since和as, 其中because语义最强, as最弱。 此外还有复合连词now(that) (既然), seeing (that) (鉴于，由于), considering (that) (考虑到), in that (因为), inasmuch as（由于）, in view of the fact that (考虑到这个事实)，not that … but that（不是由于……而是由于……）等。
e.g. I) Your suggestion was not practicable in that it required too much money.
你的提议不切实际，因为它需要太多的钱。
II) Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
考虑到他们才刚刚起步，他们干得算是不错了。
III) Since no one is against it, we’ll adopt the proposal.
既然没有人反对，我们就采纳这个提议。
【注1】because, since, as和for用法比较：
A．because是从属连词，表示因果关系，而且通常表示主句谓语动词的直接原因，强调原因的重要性，可以放在主句前面，也可放在主句后面。for是并列连词，并不说明主句的直接原因，只是提供一些补充说明或推断性解释, 是事后的想法，不放在句首。
e.g. I) I like such people, not because I am desperate to be buddies with a future secretary of state but because I find ambitious people entertaining, interesting to talk to, fun to watch.
我喜欢他们并不是因为我迫不及待地想成为未来国务卿的朋友，而是因为我发现雄心勃勃的人给人快乐，跟他们谈话很有趣，看着他们会很开心。
II) I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.
我决定停下来吃午饭，因为我很饿了。
B．since和as引导原因副词从句，差别不大，二者都侧重于主句的内容，其原因只是附带说明，或指已知的事实、原因或理由。
e.g. I) Since the weather has improved, the game will be held as scheduled.
既然天气已经好转，比赛就会如期举行。
II) Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images, aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys.
其它的那些性别特征是孩子们无意识或者间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标和成年人的榜样不同。
C．because还常见于“it / this / that is because”结构。for，as，since均无此用法。
e.g. I) That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me.  那是因为我在用刚刚赋予我的新奇的眼光看待每样东西。
II) If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.
如果一个人不能和其他人步调一致，可能是由于他听到的鼓点与别人不同。
D．because可以用于回答why问句，for，as，since均不能用于回答why问句。
e.g. I) -Why don’t you tell me John had left you?
-Because I didn't want to burden you with my troubles. 
-你为什么不告诉我约翰已经和你吹了？
-因为我不想让你为我的问题烦恼。(because不能改为as, since或for)
【注2】now that和since的异同：
now that和since都可以表示“既然”、“由于”，表示已为人们所知的原因或理由，但now that的使用范围比since要窄，它有“时间”含义，说明一种新情况。
e.g. I) Now that / Since you have known the truth, we may face the problem together.
既然你已经知道了真相，我们就可以一起面对这个问题了。
II) Since most students in the class are girls, you may give them a lecture on the latest fashion. （此处since不能为now that所替代。）
既然班上大部分都是女生，你可以给他们举办一个有关最新时尚的讲座。
三、地点副词从句
地点副词从句通常由where，wherever，anywhere或者everywhere引导。
e.g. I) They went wherever they could find work.
哪里能到工作他们就去哪里。
II) Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竞成。
四、目的副词从句
目的副词从句通常由下列词引导：目的副词从句的引导词有in order that，so (that)，lest，for fear that，in case，in the hope that，for the purpose that，to the end that等。
e.g. I) We sent the letter by air mail in order that I might reach them in good time.
我们将这封信用航空寄出，为的是让他们能及时收到。
II) He jotted the name down for fear that he should forget it.
他把名字写下来省得忘了。
III) Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多带一点衣服以防天气会变冷。
IV) The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.  老师抬高了声音就是为了让坐在后面的学生能听得清楚一点。
【注】lest, for fear that和in case 的区别：
这三个词语的意思均为“以防，以免”，从句一般都用should＋动词原形所构成的虚拟语气，但for fear that和in case也可用陈述语气，而lest后面则只能跟虚拟语气。
e.g. I) We constantly worried lest thieves drive off the horses.
我们一直在担心小偷偷走我们的马。
II) They left early for fear (that) they would meet him. 
他们早早离开，以免遇到他。
III) Receipts are given in case the merchandise is defective.
提供收据以防商品有问题时有据可查。
五、结果副词从句
表示结果的副词从句可以由that，so that，so … that，such …that等词引导。
e.g. I) What have I done, that you should insult me?
我究竟做了什么，你要这样侮辱我？
II) We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走的如此匆忙以至于都忘了锁门。
III) The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were covered up in a few minutes.
雪下得如此之大以至于我们的脚印马上就被盖住了。
【注1】so that作结果副词从句和目的副词从句的区别：
结果副词从句中的结果是已经取得的，而目的副词从句中的结果尚未取得，而是一种希望或谋求的结果，因此，目的副词从句中常有情态动词，而结果副词从句则没有。
e.g. I) They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could understand them. （目的副词从句）
他们用多种语言书写了这个告示，为的是让外国游客也能看懂。
II) He didn’t plan his time well, so that he didn’t finish the work in time.
他没有把时间计划好，结果没能按时完成这项工作。（结果副词从句）
【注2】such…that和 so…that的区别
such为形容词，修饰名词短语（such a(n) + adj. + n./ such + 不可数名词短语/ such + 可数名词复数形式），so为副词，修饰形容词短语或副词短语（so + adj. + a(n) + n.）。但当可数名词复数形式是由many或few修饰时，或不可数名词由much或little修饰时，则用so，而不能用such。
e.g. I) Smith had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near his house. （such修饰名词短语a fierce dog.）
史密斯有一条如此凶猛的狗，以至于没人敢靠近他的房子。
II) If the accent is so strong that you have a struggle to understand what they are trying to say, then that gets in the conversation. （so修饰形容词strong.）
如果地方口音太强，以至于他们所说的话太难理解，那就会妨碍你们的谈话。
【注3】有时为了强调，可以把so放在句首，此时要求主谓倒装。
e.g. So interesting was the novel that I was completely absorbed in it and forgot the time.  这部小说是如此有趣，以至于我完全沉醉于其中，忘记了时间。
六、条件副词从句
引导条件副词从句的通常有连词if和unless，此外还有as (so) long as（只要），assuming (that) burden是什么意思（假定），given (that)（假若），if only（但愿，要是……就好了），in case（假如），in the event that（假如，倘若），once（一旦），on condition that（在……条件下），only if（只要），provided that（只要），suppose / supposing that（假如）。条件副词从句可以分为真实条件副词从句和非真实条件副词从句，真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气，而非真实条件句中的谓语则用虚拟语气。
e.g. I) As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心，我们就能到克服困难的方法。
II) Suppose that we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?
假如我们弄不到必要的设备，那我们应该怎么办？
III) If I hadn’t take your advice, I would have made a serious mistake.
如果没有听从你的建议，我就犯了大错了。
【注】在if条件副词从句中，通常用一般现在时表示将来时间，而不用will或shall，只有在表示意图、意愿等意思时才用will或shall。
e.g. I) We’ll arrive at five o’clock if the plane take off on time.
如果飞机准点起飞的话我们将在五点钟到达。
II) If you will (重读) go to bed so late, no wonder you’re tired.
如果你偏要这么晚睡觉，自然就会感到疲倦。（此句中will表示意愿）
七、让步副词从句
让步副词从句可以由引导词though, although, even if (even though), if, as, while, whatever (no matter what), wherever (no matter where), whoever (no matter who), whichever (no matter which), whenever (no matter when), however (no matter how), whether…or, not that等引导。
e.g. I) We’ll try to finish the work in time though (although) we are short of manpower.
虽然我们缺乏人力，但我们还是要设法按时完成这项工作。
II) Even though note writing may take longer, some pretty busy people do it, including George Bush.
尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在写便笺，其中就包括乔治·布什。
III) We’ll carry on the work whether we can get the machines we need.
不管我们是否可以弄到需要的机器，我们都要将这项工作继续下去。
IV) Whoever you (may) be, you have no right to do such a thing.
不管你是谁，你都没有权利这么做。
【注1】as引导的让步副词从句常见于正式文体中，用以强调让步意义。此时从句的补语或状语置于句首。也可用though或that来代替as。 其结构为：形容词 / 副词 / 动词 / 分词 / 名词 + as / though / that。应特别注意，单数可数名词前不能用定冠词或不定冠词。
e.g. I) Patient as he was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours.
尽管他很耐心，但他也没有打算等三个小时。
II) Much as I would like to help, I have other work I must do.
尽管我很愿意帮忙，但我也有其它必须完成的工作。
III) Genius as (though) she was, she was quite unassuming.
虽然她是个天才，但她一点儿架子都没有。
【注2】whether…or 可以引导让步副词从句，当动词为be时，往往用原形式虚拟语气，这是相当正式的用法。
e.g. I) It is important for men to respect a person who holds a position of responsibility and authority, whether that person is male or female.
对于男人来说，尊重有职有权的人是很重要的，无论那个人是男性还是女性。
II) They usually stressed the refining of the child's technique, whether it be their fingers on the keyboard or their strokes in the water or on the tennis court.
他们通常强调改进孩子的技巧，无论是琴键上的指法，还是游泳的姿势，或者是网球场上的挥拍动作。
八、比较副词从句
表示不同程度比较的副词从句通常由than引起，而表示同程度的比较的副词从句通常由as引起。一些常用的句型有：the more … the more …，no … more than …，more … than …，as …as …，not so / as …as …等。
e.g. I) The project as completed earlier than we had expected.
这项工程完成得比我们预计的要早。
II) The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
你锻炼得越多，身体就会越健康。
III) There is as much water in tube A as (there is water) in tube B.
A试管中的水和B试管中的水一样多。
IV) The house is three times as big as ours.
这个房子是我们的三倍大。
V) Food is to men what oil is to machine.
食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
九、方式副词从句
方式副词从句通常由as，as if，as thought，how，the way等引导。
e.g. I) I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
整个事情我都记得，如同它是昨天发生似的。
II) When in Roman, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
III) Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
有时，我们就像我们的父母教育我们一样教育我们的孩子。
【注】as if和as though的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大，汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”；有时，as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，。
e.g. I) They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
II) It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
III) She would then smile somewhat expectantly at Ellen or me, as if awaiting a thank you.     然后她会如同期待什么似的朝我或者艾伦微笑，似乎等待我们说谢谢。