【New words and expressions】生词和短语
 
volcano  [vɔl'keinəu] n 火山
active volcanoes活火山
extinct volcanoes死火山
Dormant volcano休眠火山
active  ['æktiv]  adj 活动的
active : 积极的 / passive : 消极的, 被动的
positive：adj.肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, 绝对的, 确实的adj.[数]正的adj.[电]阳的
negative adj消极的。n负极，阳极。
阳性的 positive （不好）。negative 阴性的（好）
Congo  ['kɔŋɡəu]n 刚果
Kituro n 基图罗
erupt [i'rʌpt]  n （或山）喷发
从下到上的喷发
violently ['vaiələntli]  adv 猛烈地，剧烈地
adj +ly =adv n +ly =adj lovely, friendly. Likely
violent adj
This play is very violent.
the violent games 暴力游戏
violence n暴力
family violence 家庭暴力
cold violence 冷暴力
manage ['mænidʒ] v 设法
manage to do = try to do sth and succeed设法做某事
I can manage it. / I can manage it myself.
brilliant ['briljənt]  adj 精彩的
a brilliant star
a brilliant performance 一个精彩的表演
liquid  ['likwid] adj 液态的
gassy adj气体的solid adj固体的
gassyescape [i'skeip]  v 逃脱
escape death : 死里逃生
narrow （from） escape : 九死一生 (这里的escape 为n 名词表示逃脱)
narrow n.狭窄部分, 海峡, 隘路
adj.狭窄的, 精密的, 严密的, 有限的, 气量小的, 勉强的, 眼光短浅的 vi.变窄
vt.使变狭窄, 使缩小
escape doing sth
Eg:He escape punishment/being punished.
alive [ə'laiv]  adj 活着的
（1）alive 做定语时一定要放在被修饰词后面, 属于表语形容词, 又如: light ahead 前面的灯光
living sth / elephant alive / living elephant 表示活着的象
（2）live(adj) : 现场的; 表 “活着的” 永远不和人连用
live [lIv] v 和[laIv] adj 的读音不同
live concert 现场演唱会
live fish 活的鱼
【课文讲解】
  Haroun Tazieff, the Polish scientist,has spent his lifetime studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world.
Haroun Tazieff, the Polish scientist同位语
spend some time doing sth.:花时间做...
spend some time on sth在……上花时间
lifetime : 毕生精力
In all parts of 在各方面
例子：he learns well in all parts of the chemistry.
虽然活火山是active volcano，但不能想当然的说死火山为 inactive volcano，死火山是extinct volcano ，还有一种休眠火山是dormant volcano 。不过休眠火山可以觉醒，死火山也可以复活，不管怎么说火山都是一个natural disaster。
In 1948, he went to Lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro.
in+年月 ， in 1948 , in August.
on+具体的某一天
at+具体的一个时间点 at 8:00.
用不定式做目的状语: to abserve  仔细观察,一般科学家用 “observe”
volcano which he later named Kituro.定语从句
Observe  vt 观察
He has observed me for a while 他已经观察我一阵子了。
They were observed entering the bank。 有人看到他们进入银行。
Name 在这里被活用成动词，“给....命名”，如name the baby Peter ，还有一个常用的短语是 name ...after ....  拿....的名字来命名，如：name the fund after its founder
Tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently.
（1）set up: 竖立起，搭起
例子：his parents set him up as a carpenter他的父母使他从事一个木匠的职业
He sets up for himself as a grocer 他开始经营杂货店
补充：set back 阻碍，使受挫折，使退步
Since that time there has never been any set back in production 从那时起生产上就一直没有倒退过。
close to：与......靠近
Eg:  He parked the car close to the river.他把车停在河边。
Don't sit so close to the fire.别坐得离火那么近。
（2）while 引导的时间状语从句
（Tazieff)主语 (was able to set up）谓语 (his camp)宾语 (very close to)宾补 the volcano while it was erupting violentl
Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs,
though让步状语从句
managed to take
Manage to do sth 设法去做某事，try to do sth 也是设法做某事，但是二者是有区别的，manage 表示设法做成某事，一定是成功了，try 仅仅表示试图做了某事，其结果尚未确定，可能成功，也可能不成功。
例： i try to help them out，but it seems that i bring a lot of trouble to them instead.
Manage to do sth 和succeed in doing sth 很相似
例：i finally managed to buy a car and a house。我最后设法买了一辆汽车和一栋房子。
He managed to swim across the river. 他设法游过了河。
he could not stay near the volcano for very long.
for long＝for a long time
He noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him.
（1）notice that + 宾语从句
notice sth
notice sb do/doing : 注意到某人做某事/正在做某事
notice that: 文中可改为—He notice a river of liquid rock coming towards him.
（2）:...形成的河流 / river of soil and stone 泥石流 / river of blood 血流成河
river在这里为比喻用法，表示"（......的）巨流"。由于 a river of 这个结构中没有 as,like等明确表示"像"的词，因此，它是一种暗喻。
Eg:  When she heard the news, a river of tears came down her face.她听到这个消息后，泪如泉涌。
Rivers of blood flowed during World war Ⅱ.第二次世界大战期间血流成河。
（3）towards 介词 后跟宾语in the direction of
direction n.方向, 指导, 趋势, (常用复数)指示, 用法, 说明(书), 收件人地址
It threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just in time.
threaten to : 有迹象表明
Eg:  He threatened to resign(辞职).
surrounding n环境adj 周围的
but （Tazieff）主语（managed to escape）谓语just（ in time.）状语
in time:及时
例子：i caught the plane just in time. 我及时赶上飞机。
Shall we still be in time to see the football match？ 我们还能及时看见足球比赛吗？