Ⅰ阅读理解
A
There are many reasons why college and university students often fail
to get full nights of sleep. Many American students are away from their
parents for the first time when they attend college. They might not be used
to having total freedom in how they plan their days and nights. Parties, late
night study meetings, or just time spent relaxing with friends—these are all things that cut into college students’sleep habits.
A few years ago, Michael Scullin began teaching the science of sleep to psychology students at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. The class centered round why the body needs to sleep and the physical and
mental health problems caused by a lack of sleep. This includes difficulty focusing on studies or controlling one’s emotions, and increased risk of many diseases.
“When you are at your most sleep-deprived(睡眠不足的) is when you are least likely to be able to judge how sleepy you are, and how much that sleepiness is impacting you，”Scullin said. He said his students seemed to enjoy the class and were interested in the material he was teaching. But when he asked them whether they were choosing to get more sleep after what they had learned, most of them said no.
Scullin came up with a plan to get his students to sleep more: he offered to give them extra points on their final exam, the class’s most important test. The plan worked better than Scullin expected. All the students who took part performed better on the exam than those who did not, even before the extra credit points were added.
Scullin offered some ways to avoid health problems caused by a lack of sleep. Among these, he emphasized, parents should try to get enough sleep themselves to show its importance to their children.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要说明充足的睡眠对学生的学业表现会产生积极的促进作用。
scull1．What’s the main reason for American college students’ lack of sleep?
A．They are under a huge academic pressure.
B．They spend too much time on electronic products.
C．They haven’t arranged time reasonably in a new environment.
D．They don’t really understand the dangers of sleep deprivation.
C解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的Many ut into college
students’ sleep habits.可知，美国大学生睡眠不足主要是因为他们首次离家上学，还不知道如何合理安排大把的空闲时间。
2．What can we know about Scullin’s course?
A．It attracts few students.
B．It focuses on students’mental health problems.
C．Many students get better sleep after taking his course.
D．Most students still refused to improve their sleep after his course.
D解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的But when st of them said no.可知，很多学生在上完Scullin的课程后仍然拒绝改善睡眠。
3．From Scullin’s plan we can conclude that ______．
A．sleeping more may help students with their study
B．male students prefer to stay up late
C．longterm sleep habits are hard to change
D．a lack of sleep affects students’health
A解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的All before the extra credit points were added.可知，充足的睡眠对学生的学业表现产生了积极的促进作用。
B
Is that a piece of bark in your drink? Nope. It’s a tiny water-purifying tablet(净水片) powered by the sun.
The device comes from scientists at the Stanford University’s Institute for Materials and Energy Science. It measures 1 centimeter by 2 centimeters, about the size of half a postage stamp, and purifies water fast using a readily available resource—visible(可见的) light from the sun’s rays. The invention could let hikers (and later, people living in developing countries) clean their water quickly without resorting to(求助) other power-fueled methods, such as the triedandtrue method of boiling water.
Other devices use the sun’s rays to purify water, but only use UV light, which typically takes anywhere from several hours to two days to work. The Stanford tablet, on the other hand, takes minutes. UV light only makes up 4 percent of the total solar energy, but visible light makes up 50 percent of solar energy.
Some 663 million people lack access to clean drinking water, according to the United Nations, and almost 1，000 children a day die from preventable waterrelated diseases.
The tablet brought some marked early results. In an experiment, it killed 99.999 percent of bacteria after 20 minutes with 25 milliliters of water. It can be physically scaled to treat the
necessary amount of water, and it’s supposed to cost just a few dollars. The researchers now are testi
ng the device in realworld settings and hope it could be commercialized within the next three to five years.
What’s the catch? The tablet only works(so far) against bacteria, not viruses or harmful chemicals like lead. But the team plans to remove other pollutants in later tests.
“The easiest water we can treat(right now) is in outside activities, when you get water from the river and that water is not really cloudy or heavily polluted，”Chong Liu, a Stanford researcher, said.“You can put the device into the water and it can kill the bacteria.”
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了斯坦福大学材料与能源科学研究所研发的一种太阳能净水片。
4．Compared with other devices using UV light, the new tablet ______．
A．is much cheaper
B．is more efficient
C．can process more water
D．can make water cleaner
B解析：推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，其他设备只使用太阳光中的紫外线，所以需要几个小时到两天时间，而这款使用可见光的净水片净化水只需几分钟。
5．What is the researchers’attitude towards the future of the device?
A．Optimistic.B．Disappointed.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
A解析：观点态度题。根据第五段中的ialized within the next three to five years.可知，研究人员对这款太阳能净水片的未来是非常乐观的。
6．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Millions of People Lack Clean Drinking Water
B．Various Approaches to Purifying Water for Hikers
C．Problems of Existing Water-cleaning Devices
D．Small Tablets May Make Big Differences
D解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍的是一款新研发的太阳能净水片，所以D项作文章标题更合适。
C
Most students, at one time or another, have crammed(死记硬背) for an
examination. Researchers refer to this as massed trials, where objects of
learning are studied all at the same time in one period. Students may be forced to cram because they have delayed or did not have an effective approach to study. Non-students may cram too, as in lawyers briefing a case, speakers preparing a speech, professors preparing a lecture and so on.
In most situations research has made it very clear that dividing the learning over many shorter periods is much more effective than trying to do it all in one big period. Surprisingly, longer intervals between learning periods are more effective than shorter intervals. For example, one study of students learning foreignlanguage words found that recall was highest at 56-day intervals compared to 28-day or 14-day intervals. The total amount of study time was cut in half：13 periods spaced 56 days apart produced comparable recall as 26 periods with a 14-day interval. Not enough studies have been performed to examine which spaced learning method works best for certain kinds of learning tasks, but it is clear that massed trials are not efficient.
Why does spacing work? First, in massed trials, there is not much time for each presentation to be processed in context. In spaced trials, each learning presentation occurs in a slightly different context, thus providing many cues(提示) that can be unconsciously accessed during retrieval(检索) attempts. Second, a host of recently reported studies show that each time you are re-exposed to a learning object, the memory is consolidated. Continuous consolidation events act positively on each other. Multiple consolidations do not occur in massed trials because consolidation takes many minutes or even hours.
There is no reason to think this spaced learning method is best for humans learning a variety of tasks. But it is clear that spaced learning is more effective.
【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了间隔学习是更有效的学习方法。
7．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A．Nonstudents don’t have effective approaches to study.
B．Massed trials are frequentlyused methods of learning.
C．Students don’t prepare adequately for exams.
D．Students often delay their study tasks.
B解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的have crammed(死记硬背) for an examination.以及下文中的Non-students may 可判断，作者这里想要说明的现象就是人们经常会突击式地集中学习。
8．What can we learn from Paragraph 2?
A．Longer intervals between learning periods are less useful than shorter ones.
B．The most advisable interval between learning periods is two weeks.
C．Spaced learning works merely for a certain learning task.
D．Spaced learning is more efficient than massed trials.
D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的．..dividing the learning over many shorter periods is much more effective than trying to do it all in one big period.可知，间隔学习比集中学习更有效。
9．What does the underlined word “consolidated” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Weakened. B．Cleaned.
C．Strengthened. D．Blocked.
C解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的．..that each time you are re-exposed to a Continuous consolidation events act positively on each other.可知，每一次当我们再次接触到学习材料时，我们的记忆就增强了。相继的增强事件又积极作用于彼此，这样人们才能更好地记住要学的知识。
10．What’s the author’s purpose in writing this text?
A．To introduce an effective learning method.
B．To persuade nonstudents to continue to study.
C．To analyze the reasons why some people have short memories.
D．To teach students how to review the key points before the exam.
A解析：写作意图题。通读全文可知，本文作者旨在说明间隔学习比集中学习更有效，所以作者是在向我们推荐一种有效的学习方法。
Ⅱ七选五
V olunteering on the Galápagos Islands is a great way to learn about the unique ecosystems throughout the islands with a few expenses. 1.________ The Jatun Sacha Foundation Biological Reserve and Research Station in San Cristobal accepts short or long-term volunteers for a small fee in exchange for accommodation and food.
One of the main problems on the Galápagos Islands is the introduction of nonnative species. To help with this problem, the foundation focuses on long-term programs for the eradication(根除) of harmful species. 2.________
The daily tasks of volunteers include seed collection, data collection, and various projects in different areas of the station. 3.________ As part of the stay, volunteers need to go on hikes to nearby lagoons, native forests, beaches, and local villages to explore the ecological and human dynamics(动态) of Galápagos.
The accommodation at the station includes two houses(containing 11 rooms each) and resting areas. The houses are simple in appearance, with room for groups of up to 45 people. Each room is equipped with electricity, but there is no Internet or telephone access. 4.________ The station
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