阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧
作者：***
来源：《学校教育研究》2017年第09期
        近几年，高考阅读理解中对词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大，而同时词义猜测题又是学生的弱项，在这一方面失分较多。因此培养学生猜测词义的能力，帮助学生掌握猜测词义的技巧尤为必要。
        猜测词义题旨在考查学生根据上下文，结合所学知识，充分理解关键语句而推断词汇意思的能力。
        常用的词义猜测题解题技巧如下。
        1.代入法
        利用上下文语境，把选项代入原句中，选出最佳选择。这是最常用、最行之有效的方
        法。
        2014年高考陕西卷B篇阅读理解第二段： Her mother ran a boardinghouse in Galveston， a seaside town near Houston， Texas. She was cleaning out the attic（阁楼）one day when she came across an old dusty manuscript（手稿）. On its top page were the words， “By O. Henry”. It was a nice story， and she sent it to her daughter at SMU， who showed it to my father. My father had never read the story before， but it sounded like O. Henry， and he knew that O. Henry had once lived in Houston. So it was possible that the famous author had gone to the beach and stayed in the Galveston boardinghouse， and had written the story there and left the manuscript behind by accident. My father visited an O. Henry expert at Columbia University in New York， who authenticated the story as O. Henry’s. 51. The underlined word “authenticated” in Paragraph 2 probably means __________.A. named B. treated C. proved D. Described把四个选项代入句中，根据上文作者的父亲认为手稿可能是O. Henry写的，他又拜访一位研究欧.亨利的专家，当然这位专家证明（proved） 了那个小说是O. Henry写的。因此选C。
        2.利用举例、定义、定语从句或同位语猜测词义
        2013年全国卷C篇第三段...And for chocolate snobs， who think that they have a better
chocolate怎么读        knowledge of chocolate than others， ...47. The words “ chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who _________. A. are particular about chocolate B. know little about coco beans C. look down upon others D. Like to try new flavors 根据该词后定语从句可知自认为比别人更了解巧克力的人肯定对巧克力很挑剔，故选A。
        3.利用标点符号推测词义
        冒号“：”、括号 “（）”、破折号“---”表解释含义，逗号“，”则具有并列关系或同位关系的含义。如2013年高考重庆卷D篇： It is filled with symbiotic existences，too： unimaginable quantities of creatures，little and large alike，mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony， giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat， a kind of sub-ocean vitality.70.What does the underlined word”symbiotic”mean？ A. Living together. B. Growing fast. C. Moving harmoniously. D. Breathing peacefully.冒号后面的内容是对前一句的解释，再根据关键词quantities of ，mix及 harmony不难猜出symbiotic意为“混合的，共生的”故选A.
        4.利用构词法：词根、词缀、复合词等来猜测词义
        Wizard rock is just one more spin off（派生产品）in the Harry Potter craze. The Underlined word “craze” in the last paragraph can be replaced by ______.
        A. enthusiasm B. pride C. book D. film 如果了解构词法，craze为crazy 的名次，由此可知craze意为“狂热”，故选A.
        5.利用逻辑关系词推测词义
        表转折、对比的词像but， however， although， while；表递进的词，如besides， also， in addition to ， what’s more， furthermore；表并列的词，如and， or等；表列举的词像such as， like ， for example；表因果关系的词，如so， therefore， thus， as a result， consequently， because， as ， since， for 等。
        Students learn a huge amount of coordination through music， so parts of the body can work better together. The underlined word “coordination” probably means “___________”.A. valuable lessons B. public attention C. interesting stories D. the act of w
orking better together 本题根据关键词so不难选出正确答案D。
        Bundle up when you visit this statue， because temperatures here can get as low as 47 degrees below zero. The underlined phrase “Bundle up” can be replaced by “__________”. A. Stand up straight B. Stop talking C. Watch it from a distance D. Put on warm clothes 根据because从句的内容可知气温很低，因此要穿暖和的衣服，故选D。
        I strongly discourage making fun of anyone or belittling someone to make someone else laugh. What does the underlined word “belittling” probably mean？ A. Annoy B. Blame C. Look down on D. Make up to 根据并列词or 可知划线词与make fun of 语义类似或相近故选C。
        6.利用同义词、近义词、反义词猜测词义
        2013年高考辽宁卷D篇 We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design. That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison. In 1878， he explained bugs as “little problems and difficulties” that required months of study and labor t
o overcome in developing a successful product.69. What does the word “flaw” probably means？ A. Explanation B. Finding C. Origin D. Fault根据后文，可知flaw的同义词为 little problems and difficulties 因此选D “缺陷”。
        7.利用生活常识猜测词义
        2014年高考广东卷阅读理解D篇There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. 41.The underlined phrase “swap meets” is closest in meaning to ___________. A. fitting rooms B. trading fairs C. business talks D. group meetings 根据常识，匹配鞋子卖或穿应该在交易集市进行，故选B。
        8.根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义
        文章中的代词it， that， he him 或them可以指上下文提到的人或事物，对前面提到的内容进行总结，得出代词所指代的内容。
        2016年全国卷III B篇“My friend said： ‘Now we believe your stories，’”Welty added. “A
nd I said： ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’”26. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s _______. A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories 根据上下文可知them指代上文提到的stories。