【导语】学习新概念英语并不难啊。你还在为英语成绩低拖后腿⽽烦恼吗？不要着急，⼩编为⼤家提供了“新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记（Lesson13~15）”。相信加⼊学习当中的你，很快便不再受英语的困扰！还在等什么？和⼩编⼀起来学习吧！
新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记（Lesson13）
【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil?
The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe wh
ich are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.
The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.
T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery
【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】
mineral adj. 矿物的
boring n. 钻孔
derrick n. 井架
block and tackle 滑轮组
weigh翻译 haul v. 拖，拉
rotate v. 使转动
cutting bit 钻头
geologist n. 地质学家
coring bit 取芯钻头
cylinder n. 圆柱体
strata n. 岩层[复]([单]stratum或strata [误⽤])
circulate v. 注⼊，环流
gusher n. 喷油井
【课⽂注释】
1.they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet，as much as意为“多达”，“达到(量)”。
as+形容词+as表⽰“……达”，例如：as long as长达……，as tall as⾼达……，as expensive as贵⾄……。
例句：The rain could last for as long as several weeks in summer.
夏天的⾬下起来可以长达⼏周。
2.as we must with other mineral deposits，must后⾯省去了与上句中相同的部分send men down。
3.a foot in diameter，直径⼀英尺。
4.every so often，时常。
例句：I no longer see John regularly, but every so often he drops in at my office.
我不再经常看见约翰了，但他偶尔还到我办公室来。
5.obtain a sample，取样。
To obtain something means to get it or achieve it. (FORMAL)获得，取得某物。
例句：Where can I obtain a copy of her latest book?
在哪⾥能买到她最新出版的书?
例句：He always manages to obtain what he wants.
他总是有办法得到他想要的东西。
形容词形式为obtainable：If something is obtainable, it is possible to get or achieve it.
例句：The timetable is obtainable post-free from the airline office.
航班时刻表可以向航空公司免费索取。
6.be under control处于控制之下。
例句：The fire has been brought under control.
⽕势已受到控制。
例句：You must get your spending under control.
你必须节制开⽀。
7.by means of，⽤……，靠……⼿段。
例句：They succeeded by means of hard working.
他们依靠努⼒⼯作⽽获得成功。
例句：They were able to position the yacht by means of radar.
他们能够⽤雷达测定快艇的⽅位。
8.endeavour to，努⼒去，尽⼒去。
If you endeavour to do something, you try very hard to do it. 同义词组喂strive to。
例句：They endeavoured to make her happy but in vain.
他们尽量使她快乐，却徒劳⽆功。
例句：Strive to build China into a powerful socialist country!
为把中国建成社会主义强国⽽奋⽃!
【参考译⽂】
在所有洞⽳中，为寻⽯油所钻出的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把⼈送到地下去把⽯油取出。这些洞只不过是⼀些钻孔，直径不到1英尺。我是专门搞⽯油的，寻⽯油⽐其他任何采矿业对改进钻探作的贡献都要⼤。当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那⾥竖起⼀个井架。井架必须很⾼，因为它像⼀个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆⼀节节地钻⼊地下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，它的底部装有钻头。
地质学家需要知道钻头已以到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要⽤芯钻头取样。这种钻头能切割⼀段光滑的圆柱形岩⽯，从中能看出所钻透的地层。⼀旦到达油层，⽯油就会由于地下巨⼤的压⼒流到地⾯上来，这种巨⼤的压⼒来⾃地下天然⽓或⽔。这
种压⼒必须加以控制，我们让泥桨顺着钻杆向下循环，⽤这种⽅法来控制压⼒。我们尽量避免使⽤陈旧天真的喷井⽅法，那样会浪费⽯油和天然⽓。我们要让⽯油留在井下，直到我们能⽤⼀种有控制的⽅法把它引上来为⽌。
新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记（Lesson14）
【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?
Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.
The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readi
ngs of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 120.2, then
The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
JAMES GLEICK, Chaos
【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】
forecast n. 预报
speculative adj. 推测的
blizzard n. 暴风雪
deteriorate v. 变坏
multiply v. 增加
cascade v. 瀑布似地落下
turbulent adj. 狂暴的
dust devil ⼩尘暴，尘旋风
squall n. 暴风
eddy n. 旋涡
grid n. 坐标⽅格
sensor n. 传感器
humidity n. 温度
meteorologist n. ⽓象学家
Princeton n. 普林斯顿(美国城市名)
New Jersey n. 新泽西(美国州名)
fluctuation n. 起伏，波动
deviation n. 偏差
【课⽂注释】
1.beyond two or three days，超过两三天。
beyond这个介词有很多⽤法：
①在或向(某物)的远处。
例句：The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.
这条路绵延不断越过村⼦直⼊⼭中。
②迟于或超过(某⼀时间)。
例句：It won't go on beyond midnight.
这不会持续到午夜以后。
③越出(某事物)范围；超越。
例句：The bicycle is beyond repairis.=The bicycle is too badly damaged to repair. 这辆⾃⾏车已不能修理了。
④除(某事物)以外；除了。
例句：He's got nothing beyond his state pension.
除了国家发的养⽼⾦，他⼀⽆所有。
2.deteriorate 变坏，恶化。
If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way.和improve是反义词。
例句：Food is apt to deteriorate in summer.
⾷物在夏天容易变质。
例句：The discussion deteriorated into a bitter quarrel.
这场讨论演变成了激烈的争吵。
3.multiply乘；增多，增加；繁殖。
①表⽰两数相乘。
例句：2 and 3 multiply to make 6.
2和3相乘得6。
②增多，增加。
例句：Our problems have multiplied since last year.
⾃去年以来我们的问题增多了。
这篇⽂章中“errors and uncertainties multiply”的multiply就是增加、增多的意思。
③繁殖，增殖。
例句：It is possible to multiply bacteria and other living organisms in the laboratory. 在实验室能够繁殖细菌和其他⽣物。
4.cascade，瀑布
①作名词，瀑布；如瀑布般的。
例句：The water formed a cascade down the mountain.
⽔沿⼭泻下，形成⼀条瀑布。
②in cascades/cascades of，像瀑布⼀样。
例句：Climbing plants with their bright flowers hung in cascades over the garden wall.
开出鲜艳花朵的爬藤植物瀑布般悬挂在花园墙上。
③作动词，如瀑布似的落下。
例句：Her golden hair cascaded down her back.
她的⾦发像瀑布似的披在背后。
5.a chain of，⼀系列，⼀连串。
例句：It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
仿佛⼀件⼩事引起了⼀连串连锁反应似的。
例句：The enemy tank car caught fire and set off a chain of explosions.
敌⼈的油车着了⽕，引起了⼀连串的爆炸。
6.of the order of，⼤约。
7.all the way to，⼀直，完全。
例句：The two runners contested the race closely it was nip and tuck all the way.
那两个赛跑选⼿竞争激烈，在赛程中⼀直不相上下。
例句：I'll back you up all the way.
我完全⽀持你。
【参考译⽂】
世界上的两三天以上的天⽓预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天⽓预报就没有了任何价值。
原因是蝴蝶效应。对于⼩⽚的恶劣天⽓ -- 对⼀个全球性的⽓象预报员来说，“⼩”可以意味着雷暴⾬和暴风雪 -- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。错误和不可靠性上升，接踵⽽来的是⼀系列湍流的徵状，从⼩尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫星上可以看到的席卷整块⼤陆的旋涡。
现代⽓象模型以⼀个坐标图来显⽰，图中每个点⼤约是间隔60英⾥。既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地⾯⼯作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每⼀个地⽅。假设地球上可以布满传感器，每个相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的间隔从地⾯⼀直排列到⼤⽓层的顶端。再假定每个传感器都极极端准确地读出了温度、⽓压、温度和⽓象学家需要的任何其他数据。在正午时分，⼀个功能巨⼤的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每⼀个点上12：01、12：02、12：03时可能出现的情况。
计算机⽆法推断出1个⽉以后的某⼀天，新泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是⾬天。正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机⽆法知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。到12：01时，那些波动就已经会在1英尺远的地⽅造成偏差。很快这种偏差会增加到尺10英的范围，如此等等，⼀直到全球的范围。
新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记（Lesson15）
【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
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