CHAPTER ONE
  Environmental  Interrelationships环境交叉关系
Understand why environmental problems are complex and interrelated. 理解，为什么环境问题是复杂和相互关联的。Realize that environmental problems involve social, political, and economic issues, not just scientific issues. 认识到，环境问题涉及社会，政治和经济问题，而不仅仅是科学的问题。Understand that acceptable solutions to environmental problems are not often easy to achieve. 理解，接受的解决环境问题是不是经常容易实现的。Understand that all organisms have an impact on their surroundings. 了解所有生物体产生影响及其周围地区。Understand what is meant by an ecosystem approach to environmental problem solving. 了解什么是生态系统方法对环境问题的解决。 Recognize that different geographic regions have somewhat different environmental problems, but the process for resolving them is the same and involves compromise. 认识到不同的地理区域有所不同的环境问题，但这一进程为解决这些问题是相同的，涉及的妥协。
The Field of Environmental Science领域的环境科学
The Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems 在相互关联的环境问题
values翻译An Ecosystem Approach生态系统方法
Regional Environmental Concerns区域环境问题
Environment: the surrounding conditions that affect people and other organism. In a broader definition, environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.
环境：周围的条件，影响人们和其他有机物。在更广泛的定义，环境就是影响到一个有机体在其生命周期的一切。
Environmental Science: is an interdisciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical aspects of human impact on the world.
环境科学：是一个跨学科的研究领域，其中包括人在应用和理论方面的上对世界的影响。
The field of environmental science involves an understanding of scientific principles, economic influences, and political action.该领域涉及环境科学的理解科学原理，经济的影响，
和政治行动。
  An environmental decision that may be supportable from a scientific or economic point of view may not be supportable from a political point of view without modification, often political decisions relating to the environment may not be supported by economic analysis. 可能从科学或经济角度来看是支持的环境的决策，从政治的角度看可能不会无条件支持；往往和政治决定有关的环境可能经济分析不支持。
Environmental problem(Environmental Issue)is very complex!环境问题是非常复杂的！
An ecosystem approach 生态系统方法
The natural world is organized into interrelated units called ecosystems. 自然世界是由相互关联的单位称为生态系统。An ecosystem is a region in which the organisms and the physical environment form interacting unit. 生态系统是在该地区的生物和物理环境相互作用的单位形式。 Weather affects plants, plants use minerals in the soil, and affect animals, animals spread plant seeds, plants secure the soil, and plants evaporate water, which affec
ts weather. 天气影响植物，植物使用矿物的土壤，并影响到动物，动物传播植物种子，植物保护土壤和植物蒸发水，影响天气。Ecosystems sometimes have fairly discrete boundaries, as is the case with a lake or island. 生态系统有时相当离散的边界，如内有一个湖，或岛屿。
Sometimes the boundaries are indistinct, as in the transition from grassland to desert. 有时界限模糊，如在过渡到草原沙漠。Grassland gradually becomes desert depending on the historical pattern of rainfall in an area.草原逐渐成为沙漠根据历史降雨模式的一个地区。
For solving regional environmental issues, it’s very useful to adopt ecosystem approach. 为解决区域环境问题，采取生态系统方法是非常有用的。
We present a number of regional vignettes in America to illustrate the complexity and interrelatedness of environmental issues我们提出了一些区域简介在美国来说明复杂和相互关联的环境问题。
The Wideness North
Characteristic
wilderness--areas with minimal human influence. Much of this land is owned by governments, not by individuals, so government policies have a large effect on what happens in these regions.
荒野-以最小的地区的人类影响。这在很大程度上是国有土地由政府，而不是由个人，所以政府的政策有很大的影响，发生在这些地区。
Th Agricultural Middle characteristic: intensive agriculture Original, natural ecosystems have been replaced by managed point pollution sources (pollution that does not have an easily identified point of origin). 农业中东特点：集约农业。原始，自然生态系统已被替换成管理的农业企业。面源污染来源（污染，没有一个容易确定的起点） 。
The Dry West characteristic: inadequate rainfall,  land is of low economic value, most of it is still the p roperty of government.
Population density is low, much of the land has a wilderness character
干西特点：雨量不足，土地是经济价值低，大部分仍是政府的财产。人口密度低，大部分土地有一个荒野性质
The Forested West characteristic: sufficient rainfall, coniferous forests are the dominant vegetation。Since most of these areas are not suitable for farmland, they have been maintained as forests with some grazing activity in the more open forests. timber cutting . Environmental interests are concerned about the consequences logging would have on organisms that require mature, old-growth forests for their survival
森林西特点：足够的降雨，针叶林是主要植被。由于大多数这些领域并不适合农田，他们一直保持着森林与一些放牧活动，更加开放的森林。木材切割。环境利益是担心伐木的后果会对生物体，需要成熟，原始森林的生存
The Great Lakes and Industrial Northeast  characteristic: dominated by large metropolitan complexes that generate social and resource needs that are difficult to satisfy.  A major concern about these pollutants is that they bioaccumulate in the food chain. Their major environmental priorities are cleaning up contaminated sites, providing more parks and recr
eation facilities, reducing air and water pollution, and improving transportation.