欧洲文化名词解释（3）
欧洲文化名词解释集锦
11. holy commun-io-n（圣餐）: 1) It is one of most important sacraments. 2) It helps to remind people that Christ has died to redeem man.
12．The Crusades（十字军东征 1) In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. 2) News of this kink roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years. 4) All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6) Aothough the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.
13. Carolingian Renaissance（加洛林复兴）： 1） In early medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient
works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The result of Charlemagne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. 5) The most interesting side of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
14. Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大王） 1) As the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wesse-x, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. 2) He
worried about the disappearance of learning and made Wesse-x the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the compilation of the
Anglo Saxon Chronicles.
15．National Epic(民族史诗)：1）The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form. in ancient literature.2） “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 3）Literary works were no longer all written in Latin.4） It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.
16．Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）：1) It is an Anglo-Saxon epic in 8th century. 2) It originates from the collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Veowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and
Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon. 4) It marks the beginning of English literature.
17. Song of Roland （《罗兰之歌》）： 1）It is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de Gestes. 2) It tells how Roland, one of
Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.
defending18. The Divine Comedy（《神曲》）：1）It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is one of the landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound vision of the medieval Christian world, and expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. 4) It was written in Italian rather than in Latin, which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from it origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.
19. The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）： 1) The Canterbury Tales was written by English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twenty-four tales bold by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. 3) Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native alliterative verse(头韵). 4)The Canterbury Tales is the best representative of the middle English, paving the way to Modern English.
20. Gothic（哥特式建筑）名词解释 1）The Gothic style. started in France and quickly spre
ad through all parts of western Europe. 2) It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. 3) More churches were built in this manner tan in any other style. in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. 5) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching