形容词和副词
形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等；副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。
一、形容词作定语时的位置
大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面, 如a red bus, a beautiful park, cold weather等，但实际运用时须注意以下情况。
1.当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。
“限定词＋一般描绘性形容词＋表示大小、长短、高低的形容词＋表示形状的形容词＋表示年龄、新旧的形容词＋表示颜的形容词＋表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词＋表示物质、材料的形容词＋表示用途、类别的形容词＋被修饰的名词”例如：
his beautiful small round old brown French wooden writing table
当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。
2.形容词修饰everything, something, anything, nothing时, 只能放在其后面。如:
Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
I’ve got something important to say.
There is nothing interesting at all.
3.else只能修饰疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody,
someone, anybody, anyone和nobody, no one.而且只能放在其后。如:
Is there anything else you want to say?
What else do you want?
else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时, 只能在else后加's, 而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加's. 如说someone else's, 而不能说* someone’s else。 who else的所有格有两种形式who else's 或whose else例如:
— Is this hat yours?
—
Whose else ( =Who else's) could it be ?
a nearby building =a building nearby
We have enough food(=food enough)to last us for a week.(food enough…是旧用法，现在已不常用了。)
二、貌似副词的形容词
在英语构词法中, 以-ly结尾的词并不是副词，而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly (渐老的, 年龄相当大的), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活泼的, 生动的), lonely (孤独的, 寂寞的), lovely (可爱的, 美丽的), orderly (有秩序的，整齐的)等。如:
She gave us a lively lesson yesterday. 她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。
*She gave us a lesson lively. (误将lively用作副词, 是错句)
应该说: She gave us a lesson in a lively way. 她生动地给我们上一节课。
三、表语形容词
形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, glad, scarce, sorry, sure, worth, unable等。例如:
The child is asleep/sleeping. (作表语)
但是:the sleeping child，不能说*the asleep child(作定语) 注意:
1)只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语（相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句）如:
Who's the greatest man (that is) alive?
The people (who are) present at the meeting are famous scientists.
The boy (who is) afraid of exams is my brother.
2)若这些形容词前有修饰语时, 也可放在名词前面作定语, 如:
a fast asleep man, the wide awake child.
它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语，如:
People who find hibernating animals asleep often think they are dead. (作宾语补足语)
An enemy officer was caught alive. (作主语补足语)
四、系表结构中形容词后的宾语
afraid, glad, sorry, sure, worth等形容词与系动词 be, seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:
1.be afraid to do sth.表示“不敢干某事”, 而be afraid of sth. (doing sth.) 则表示“害怕 (干)
某事”，如:
She is afraid to go out alone at night. (她不敢夜晚独自出门.)
Are you afraid of snakes? (你害怕蛇吗?)
试比较下列两个句子:
She was afraid to wake her husband.
She was afraid of waking her husband.
第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。
be afraid + that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话, that可以省略。如:
I am afraid (that) I can’t go with you.
hibernating2.be glad后可接of, 不定式或that-clause. 如:
I am glad of your success.
I am glad to meet you.
I am glad that you have passed the examination.
3.be sorry可接about或for, 也可按不定式或that-clause. 如:
Aren't you sorry about (for) what you've done?
I’m sorry for you.
We're sorry to hear that.
4.be sure可接of或about，也可接不定式或that-clause。如:
We're sure of a warm welcome.
I was not sure about two things — the grammar and some of the idioms.
Are you sure that he is honest?
5.worth, worth while和worthy
be worth表示“价值”时, 可直接接名词。如:
The used car is worth ＄300 at most.
还可接动名词的一般式, 主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如:
This book is worth reading.
在It is worth while这一结构中, it为形式主语，后面可用动名词, 也可用动词不定式:
It is worth while visiting the place.
It is worth while to visit the place. (= The place is worth visiting.)
形容词worthy可作定语, 修饰名词。如a worthy team 1eader. 它与of连用可作后置定语。如:
an enemy worthy of his sword (剑); a cause worthy of support
作表语时, of后可接名词。如:
This place is worthy of a visit. 也可接动名词, 常用其被动式。如:
This place is worthy of being visited. (=This place is worth visiting.)
如不与of连用, 则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:
This book is worthy to be read. ( = The book is worth reading.)
五、形容词、副词前定冠词的用法
说明：在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词“the” 严格地说, 应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。
1.形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词, 副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。
2.形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词, 表示“非常”。如:
This is a most interesting story.
但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句, 则要用定冠词。即:
This is the most interesting story in this book (I've ever heard).
3.表示两者间“较…的一个”时, 形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:
Which is the better of the two pianos?
Who is the elder of the two brothers?
4.一般说来, 在same之前要加定冠词。如:
They are exactly the same.
We are of the same age.
又如在短语中: all the same, at the same time等。
5.在the + 比较级…the + 比较级…表示“越…就越…”这个结构中, 不管是形容词还是副词都必须加定冠
词。如:
The nearer an object is to us, the bigger it looks.
The more they talked, the more excited they were.
6.在某些形容词前加上定冠词, 则表示同类人。如: the rich(富人),the poor (穷人), the young (年轻
人), the blind (盲人), the wounded (伤员), the dead (死去的人)，当它们作句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式；但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常用单数形式。
Generally, the rich is cruel to the poor.
The dead is his father.
The new is sure to take the place of the old.
六、某些常见副词的区别
1.sometimes, sometime, some time, some times
Sometimes是副词, 意思是“有时”。如:
My father usually goes to work by bike, but sometimes on foot.
sometime也是副词, 意思是“某个时候”。如:
I saw him sometime in October.
用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如:
He will go to call on his uncle sometime next week.
some tome作为副词词组意为“某时候”，通常用于将来时；作为名词词组则是“一些时间”的意思。some times的意思是“数次”。如:
Let's have dinner some time next week.
He has waited for some time.
2.fairly和rather
fairly和rather都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词；在翻译上都可以译成“挺…地，相当…
地”的意思。区别如下：
1)rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用来表示积极的、
好的、合理想的概念。
Let’s go by bus. It’s rather cold outside.Her English is fairly good.
2)rather可与比较级（形容词或副词）连用，也可与too连用，表示a little（有点）、slightly （稍
微）的意思，fairly则不能这样用。
a)与比较级连用，“……多了”
My brother is rather better today.
This dictionary is rather more expensive than that one.
b)与too连用“有点…；稍微…”
This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors.
We had a fairly nice dinner, but the price is rather too high.
c)当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。
如：a fairly pretty girl / rather a bad boy
3.即可作形容词又能作副词的“-ly”副词的用法
1)抽象与具体
a)deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply 均可（但deep更常用）； deeply
用于抽象的情况。
He dived deep /deeply into the water. (具体)
I was deeply moved by his heroic deeds. (抽象)
b)high和highly
The bird is flying high in the sky. (具体)
He was highly thought of by the students. (抽象)
c)wide和widely
He opened his eyes wide. (具体)
English is widely used in the world. (抽象)
2)习惯用法
a)easy与easily
副词easy常用于习语中
go easy (宽容)；go easy on (节省)；take it easy (放松)；easy does it (不着忙)；get off
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