Title:
How are Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle similar and different?
两项原那么是
Two Principles:
Pragmatics is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. It deals with how utterances have meanings in situations. Studying pragmatics is very important. It enables us to understand what the nature of language itself is and how language is used in communication.
In order to create an effective conversation, people do follow some principles during their conversation. As follows:
a. J. Austin: Speech Act Theory（言语行为理论）
b. P. Grice: Cooperative Principle（合作原那么）
c. G. Leech: Politeness Principle （礼貌原那么）
cooperatived. Sperber and Wilson: Relevance Theory（关联理论）
And the Cooperative Principle (CP) and Politeness Principle (PP) are among those most familiar ones.
哲学家对语言的爱好源于他们对语言逻辑的研究。他们发觉周密的形式逻辑不能完全结实自然语言，自然语言似乎具有它自己不合乎形式逻辑的“逻辑”：
合作原那么是什么：
The Cooperative Principle (CP)
We know that quite often a speaker can mean a lot more than what is said. The problem is to explain how the speaker can manage to convey more than what is said and how the hearer can arrive at the speaker’s meaning. H.P. Grice believes th
at there must be some mechanisms governing the production comprehension of these utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP). The CP means that we should say what is true in a clear and relevant manner.
To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:
The maxim of quantity
The maxim of quality
The maxim of relation
The maxim of manner
为了更有效更成功地完成交流活动，在会话中，人们通常会遵循一些特定的准那么。进行对话，参与者必需第一成心愿去合作，不然，会话将难以进行下去。Grice将那个准那么叫做合作原那么(Cooperative Principle)。指交谈两边在会话中所贯彻的尊重对方、保护友好的原那么
要紧包括四大准那么：数量准那么、质量准那么、关联准那么、方式准那么。
礼貌原那么是什么：
The Politeness Principle (PP)
The principle of politeness can explain the phenomenon of cooperation principle from another perspective.
CP maxim can be violated for various reasons. For example, the speaker wants to mislead the hearer, that is, to lie, or the speaker does not possess the adequate amount of information he is expected to provide, or the speaker simply does not want to go on with the conversation. Then we can use PP to explain. PP focuses on how to use communicative strategies to maintain or to promote interpersonal harmony during the course of communication.
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