Greek Civilisation
1)What is hard power?
2)What is soft power and please give some examples.
3)_____ is the country’s main foreign-currency earner, ______ is the biggest
Greece festival; instead of chocolate eggs, what did locals send to each other?
4)Ancient Greece is known as the “______________”
5)Why does Ancient Greece is the birthplace of Western civilisation?
①Athens is the most important and powerful city-state in Greece, and the
first Greek city-state to fully develop democracy 民主
②It was also a centre for culture and philosophy
6)776BC: Beginning of the first Olympiad
7)499 –449 BC: ‘Classical Greek’period of greatest Athenian glory
under____, where Greece ____ defeated the invading _____ ( ____ today)
8)431 BC onwards: declining importance before Greece was fully merged into
the ______ around 146 BC
9)What was Ancient Greece made up? And explain their meaning.
of city-states or ‘polis‟ = all of which tried to maintain their own independence and were not politically united
10)What does the …Demokratia:’mean?
…Demokratia:’from ‘demos‟ meaning people and …kratos‟ meaning power
11)How did this began with the world’s first ever democratic revolution?
①with people refusing to leave the Acropolis until the ruling tyrant 暴君
had been stripped of his power & sent into exile
②Under this system male citizens had freedom of speech & the right to vote
on everything important in society
13) tell some things about the first Persian invasion (492BC-490BC)
•The Athenians had no standing army; meaning that all males had to come to the defence of the state
•They were also outnumbered 2-to-1 by the Persians
•However, the Athenians were ultimately successful; some historians argue that this was because unlike the Persians, they had voted to fight
14) What war represent the decline of Athens ? with who?
•Peloponnesian War (431BC –404BC)
•This was a war between the city-states of Athens and Sparta, which was the only city-state matching Athenian power
15) what are the Ancient Greek military conflicts
•Despite being outnumbered, the Greeks were successful against the Persians in the first Persian war (492BC –490BC) (Battle of Marathon 490BC a soldier ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens)
•The Persians were again defeated by a navally superior Athens (480BC –479BC)
•The Athenians were finally defeated by the Spartans (431BC –404BC) 16) main achievements of the Ancient Greeks
•They started the first Olympics in 776BC
•They created the first system of direct democracy
•They twice defeated the Persians
•They had many intellectual and philosophical thinkers, whose works are still influential Plato 柏拉图, Aristotle 亚里士多德and Thucydides (who argued that ‘might is always right‟)
17) why did the Ancient Greek Olympics be hold?
•These were held in honour of Zeus, the Greek god of the sky
•They were held every four years and became a political tool used by city-states to assert dominance over their rivals
•Used to keep the men of Greece fit for war!
18) How did Athenian democracy work?
•It was a system of direct …power to the people‟
•This meant that people decide on every aspect 方面of the city’s government, rather than electing representatives to vote on their behalf
•They voted every 9 days with pebbles: a white pebble meant …yes‟ and a black pebble meant …no‟
19) Athenian democracy continued
•This system gave ordinary Greeks a political role
•It was highly democratic but also unstable
•Male citizens could vote but women, slaves, children and foreigners living in Athens were banned fro
m participating in government
20) Challenges of democracy
•Democratic Athens was increasingly seen as a threat by the Persian empire which stretched from Turkey to India
•They were culturally very different: the Greeks emphasised freedom whilst the Persians emphasised obedience
•30, 000 Persians invaded Greece in 492 BC
21) Athenian dominance
•By 431BC after two victories against Persia, Athens became the dominant power of the Eastern Mediterranean
•It was a centre of a trading empire, as far as Britain in the East and India in the West
Christianity: The Protestant Reformation 1500-1600 After the Renaissance but before the Enlightenment
A German Monk (僧) called Martin Luther questioned the Churches actions.
1)What had been the biggest authority figure in the middle ages?
2）What was the Renaissance's effect on this?
People began to question authority.
3）Some Priests (神甫) were “Selling forgiveness for sins”
An automatic trip to Heaven if you gave them money!
4）when Martin Luther was angry, what did he do?
•So Angry in fact he wrote down 95 things he thought they were doing wrong and how they should change.reaction tool
•He nailed them to a Church door in Germany.
•He did this in 1517
5) give Some examples from the 95 Theses
1.“Faith Alone” will save you. i.e not money or Priests
2.Everyone should read the bible in their own language.
3.Priests do not have special powers.
4.Religious education for all.
6）The results of Martin Luther’s Actions
•“Here I stand. I can do nothing Else. God help me. Amen.”
•Opened people’s eyes to the corruption of the Church.
•  A new religion was formed- Protestantism(新教徒).
•It was still Christian but followed Martin Luther’s reforms.
•Most importantly the Reformation ended Church Unity.
7）Why did Henry VIII form the Church of England?
1.He wanted a divorce and the Pope would not let him! This act Changed
Europe forever.
•He had 6 Wives during his life.
•He divorced 2.
•He executed another 2
•One died during child birth.
•One survived.
8)How did the 95 theses become such a big deal?
•Printing press- ideas spread quickly.
•Opened peoples eyes to Church Malpractice (wrong doings)
9) How did the Church react?
•Not well-they never do
•Told Martin Luther to recant ( take back) what he said at the Diet of Worms.
•Set up the Spanish Inquisition, who murdered and tortured people who did not believe in Catholicism
The American Revolution and French Revolution
ⅠThe backgrand information
1. Review of the ideas of the Enlightenment
•The Enlightenment created ideas about republics
(a system of government with no monarch)
•Liberalism:
Liberty- Human rights and freedom for all
Soverignty of the people- People are in charge not the government.
Equality- equal rights for all
2. The United States and the Enlightenment 启蒙运动(1776)
•Enlightenment ideals had an impact on the English colonies in America and later on the United States
•Thomas Jefferson‟s Declaration of Independe nce (1776) uses Enlightenment themes (incl. passages from Locke and Rousseau 卢梭）
•The US constitution 宪法implements Locke and Montesquieu‟s 孟德斯鸠
ideas of a separation of power between the legislature 立法团体, executive and judiciary 司法
3. The birth of the United States – background
•From about 1750 –1763, Britain had essentially left its US colonies to run themselves
•This relative freedom meant that US settlers turned to new forms of government to match their developing new identities as Americans •However, from 1763 –increasingly harsh British policies, particularly increased taxation, led to anger and finally rebellion 叛乱
Ⅱ.The American Revolution
1)The causes of the American Revolution
①British Colonies Heavily Taxed
•Britain defeated France in a war for control of North American
•Britain won but at great financial cost
•As a result Britain began taxing the colonies heavily
②Taxation without Representation
•The most hated tax was the …stamp Act‟
•This made Americans pay extra money on every piece of paper they printed! •If they were paying taxes they wanted to be represented in the British parliament.
•Britain said no. They were to be taxed without representaion.
•Americans began to resent Britain.
③The Boston Massacre 1770 （propoganda）
•British troops stationed in Boston are taunted by an angry mob.
•The troops fire into the crowd, killing five men
•Colonial agitators label the conflict a “massacre”and publish a dramatic engraving depicting the violence
④Boston Tea Party
•1773 Britain made Americans buy tea only from the British …East India Company‟
•One night some men dressed as Indians climbed on a ship and threw the tea into the water.
•The night was known as …The Boston tea party‟
•Boston Tea Party
•This could have been a minor event but Britain reacted very badly and punished America.
•Tensions grew for a number of years until 1775 and Britain did the worst thing you can do to Americans!
Reaction to the Tea Act
•Colonist in Boston rebel, dumping 15,000 pounds of East India Company tea into Boston Harbor.
⑤The British tried to take away the American weapons
•When the British reached the town of Lexington, they found it protected by about seventy colonial troops.  These troops were called "Minute Men"
because they had been trained to fight with only a minute's warning
Colonial Reaction
Minutemen(民兵) intercept the British and engage in battle -- first at Lexington, and then at Concord. ☆The Shot Heard 'Round The W orld(Why is it important?)
•First time people of European descent had rebelled against a European power.
•First Victory of a colony over the British.
•First Republic formed since rome
•inspired the French Revolution
•First constitution based on the Enlightenment.
•Liberty, equality and fraternity.
2)The process of the American Revolution
①The Declaration of Independence
•George Washington appointed Commander in Chief.
•Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence which was signed on 4 July 1776. The United States was born.
•“We hold these truths to be self-evident 不言自明的, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed 赋予by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and th
e pursuit 追求of Happiness”
•= Reflects Enlightenment ideas of equality and individual unalienable rights and freedoms (= rights and freedoms that cannot be taken away by the state)
②The US Bill of Rights: main points
•Freedom of religion, speech, press and assembly（parade）
•Right to keep and bear arms (guns)
•Freedom from unreasonable searches
•Right to a fair trial 审理
•Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
ⅢThe birth of the United States
•1776: increasingly harsh British policies led to the rebellion of the 13 North American colonies
•1776: US delegates 代表issued the …Declaration of Independence;‟ influenced by Enlightenment ideas of equality and individual rights •1783: The war of Independence ended with the US‟s independence: the first successful war of independence against a European colonial 殖民地的empire & the end of the …First British Empire
French Revolution
ⅠThe French Revolution ( 1789
1)The causes of the American Revolution
•Ideas: Enlightment, American Revolution
•Social Problems: Unfair taxation
•Economical Problems: Huge debt fighting the American war of Independence •Political Crisis: Bourgeois wanted more political power
2）Result of the Revolutions
•The majority of people became the centre of politics