Part Three
Chapter 23 Canada‟s geography and history
加拿大的地理特点：Canada’s geography features:
1) 座落于美国的北部，仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国；
lies to the north of the US; the world‟s second largest country after Russia.
2.地形十分复杂：东部山区沿海省份沿劳伦斯湾和大西洋形成不规则的海岸；西部，太平
洋沿岸地区被南北走向的山脉分离，其中包括落基山脉；中部是一个大平原；
it has an extremely varied topography:the east part is mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic;The west part,
the Pacific border is separated from the rest of the country by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies; the central part is a vast plain.
3.气候不甚宜人，大部分地区冬季既漫长又寒冷，积雪深厚；所以，大多数人都居住在南
部边境地区
the climate is unfavorable, much of Canada has long and cold winters with deep snow. So,a major part of the population lives along the southern border.
4.最高峰是落根峰，主要的两大河流是马更些河与圣劳伦斯河。
The highest peak is Mount Logan; The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie River and the St. Lawrence River
大约80%的加拿大人住在临近美国边界的大城市中，多伦多是加拿大最大的城市
Nearly 80% of Canadians live in large cities near the border with the United States. Toronto, Canada's largest city
地理区域及其特点Geographical regions and their characteristics
1、大西洋沿岸诸省区：Atlantic Province
该地区盛产土豆，旅游业是该地区经济的主要部分
potatoes grow well there ，The tourist trade is an important part of the region's  economy.
纽芬兰省东部附近的大浅滩是世界上的大渔场之一，
off the eastern shore of Newfoundland, form one of the world's great fishing grounds.
哈利法克斯市，拥有一个长年不冻的天然良港。
Halifax, has a good natural harbor that is ice free.
2、圣劳伦斯及五大湖省区St. Lawrence-Great Lakes Provinces
这是加拿大最发达的地区。这个地区因均靠近圣劳伦斯河和五大湖区而获益匪浅。
This is the most highly developed part of Canada. The region benefits from being near the St, Lawrence River and the Great Lakes.
目前它是加拿大人口密度最大的地区，也是工业化程度最高的地区。 魁北克省是加
拿大两个最重要的省份之一。法国文化的巨大影响使它与其他省区有所不同。
This area is today the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada. Quebec is one of Canada's two most important provinces. It differs from the other provinces  of Canada because it has a strong French culture.
渥太华，加拿大的首都，也位于安大略省。在首都，一半人说法语，一半人说英语。
Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is in the province of Ontario. Half of the population of the capital city are French speaking and half are English speaking.
3、加拿大地盾区the Canadian Shield
几乎半个加拿大被加拿大地盾所覆盖，对居民没有什么吸引力，但却蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源、水力资源和大片的森林。
Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield.The Shield, although  uninviting to settlement, contains a wealth of minerals, much water power and great forests.
4、大草原诸省区Prairie provinces
它很适于种植小麦It is ideal for growing wheat.
5、不列顛哥伦比亚区British Columbia
最重要的山脉是落基山脉和海岸山脉，它们贯穿全省
The most important mountain ranges are the Rocky Mountains and the Coast Mountains, which extend the length of the province.
6、北部诸省及地区Northern provinces and territories
光秃秃的、人烟稀少的加拿大北部地区占整个国土的4/5。尽管该地区气候恶劣，但成千上万公顷的森林、丰富的矿产资源和许多水资源都正在被开发。
The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four fifth of the country. In spite of its severe climate, thousands of hectares of forest land, rich mineral deposits, and many sources of water are being developed.
resources翻译加拿大的形成The Making of Canada
1.欧洲人发现加拿大
The European discovery
是印第安语…居住者‟， 英国人和法国人逐渐征服了西班牙人没有提出主权要求‟Kanata‟是印第安语
的北美领土，当时被称作新法国的定居点始于1604年，建在皇家港口，在现今天的新斯科舍省。
”Kanata”was an Indian Word for “settlement”， The English and French became rivals in the gradual conquest of those parts of North America not claimed by the Spanish. The actual settlement of New France, as it was then called, began in 1604 at Port Royal in what is now Nova Scotia.
2、英法竞争：在7年的英法战争后1756-1763，整个加拿大属于英国统治，
The rivalry between the British and the French，the whole of Canada came under t he British rule, after the Seven Year‟s war betwenn England and Franch from 1756-1763 3、英国统治下的加拿大British Canada
在《魁北克法案》中，英国议会赋予了魁北克人作为法裔加拿大人的权力。
by the Quebec Act ，British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians.
第一批在加拿大的英国定居者是美国难民，为讲英语的加拿大奠定了基础。
The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees，lay the base of English-speaking Canada.
根据1791年法案，建立了上加拿大(英国人)和下加拿大(法国人)，根据 1848年的《联合法案)，上、下加拿大又合二为一，并且1848年成立了内部自治政府。1867年的《英属北美法案》，宣布其为自治领。
By an Act of 1791 Upper Canada(British)and Lower Canada (French)were created. Act  of  Union  in  1840,  the  Upper  Canada  and  Lower  Canada  were  united  again,it  was made a dominion in 1867 by the British North America Act.
4. 自治政府和联盟制  Self-government and Confederation
1869  年第一位首相约翰·麦克唐纳执政(保守党)
In 1869  the first prime minister  is Sir John Macdonald(Conservative Party),
自由党于1896年接管了政权，一位著名的法裔加拿大人，威尔福德·鲁瑞尔任总理。他创立了加拿大海军。
In 1896, the Liberal Party took over and the country was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian, He founded the Canadian Navy
在自由党执政时期，加拿大发展很快。
During this period Canada experienced rapid growth.
加拿大参加了第一次世界大战，还成为了国际联盟成员国。
Canada entered World War I and to take a seat as a member of the League of Nations.
5、加拿大国The Canadian nation
根据1931年的《威斯敏斯特条例》，加拿大就成为英联邦国家的成员。二战作为英国的同盟参与作战。
By the Statute of Westminster  in 1931，Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. During WW II ,Canada fought as an ally of Britain in WW II  Chapter 24 经济
Ⅰ. 自然资源I. Natural Resources
自然资源，它们在加拿大的经济中占重要位置。
natural  resources  are significant in the Canadian economy.
加拿大的河流流量几乎占全世界河流总量的1/10。湖泊是河网的天然调节器
The flow of Canadian rivers represents almost one-tenth of the water carried  by all the waterways of the world.  Lakes are the natural by all the waterways of the world.  Lakes are the natural regulators regulators  of the network.    这些河湖的发电量占加拿大总发电量的3/4，居世界第三位。
These waters generate three quarters of all electric power in Canada. Canada ranks third,
加拿大是世界上拥有最长海岸线的国家之一。大西洋和太平洋沿岸的水域是世界上最富饶的捕鱼场。已经成为世界上最大的鱼类出口国，
Canada has one of the longest coastlines of any country in the world. The Atlantic and Pacific coastal waters are among the world's richest fishing grounds. Canada  has  become the World's largest exporter  of fish.
新斯科舍人为他们能造出世界上最大的帆船而骄傲。
Nova Scotians are proud of having built some of the world's greatest sailing ships.
加拿大几乎有一半的国土被森林覆盖，伐木业、纸浆和造纸位居加拿大最重要的
行业之列，加拿大是世界上最大的新闻纸生产国，
Almost half the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Lumbering and the  manufacture of pulp and paper products are among Canada's most important industries. Canada is the largest producer of newsprint in the world,
毛皮是另一项重要的资源。许多早期的定居点都是由狩猎者和皮毛商建立的。
Furs are another valuable resource. Trappers and fur traders founded many of  Canada's earliest  settlements.
Ⅱ矿产资源  Mineral Resources
矿产是加拿大最有价值的资源，几乎所有现代经济所必需的矿产在该国都能到。
Minerals are the most valuable of Canada's resources. Almost all minerals necessary to a modem economy are found in the country.
主要矿床都是在加拿大地盾发现的
Major deposits of Canada, are found in Canadian Shield  .
加拿大的煤矿可能是世界上最大的之一
the coal fields of Canada may be among the largest in the world.
Ⅲ农业  Agriculture
加拿大农场主要生产小麦、动物饲料谷物、牛奶制品和水果。
Canadian farms specialize in producing wheat, food crops for animals, dairy products, and fruit.
Ⅳ.制造业 Manufacturing
制造业是加拿大最重要的经济活动，食品加工是最主要的产业，4/5的外国投资来自美国。
Manufacturing is the most important economic activity in Canada. Food processing is the leading industry. A total of about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.