Bibliography Formats |
A bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speech—including Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)—are provided below. |
Book: Single Author | |
MLA | Ramos, Jorge. Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York: Harper, 2005. |
APA | Ramos, J. (2005). Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins. |
Book: Two or More Authors | |
MLA | Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005. |
APA | Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow. |
Book: Second or Later Edition | |
MLA | Fishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2004. |
APA | Fishman, S. (2004). The public domain: How to find & use copyright-free writings, music, art, & more (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Nolo. |
Book: Corporate Author | |
MLA | Mayo Clinic Health Information. Mayo Clinic Guide to Women's Cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2005. |
APA | Mayo Clinic Health Information. (2005). Mayo clinic guide to women's cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information. |
Book: Anthology or Compilation | |
MLA | Sloane, Thomas O., ed. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. |
APA | Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001). Encyclopedia of rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press. |
Chapter in Anthology or Compilation | |
MLA | Lucas, Stephen E. "Public Speaking." Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47. |
APA | Lucas, S. E. (2001). Public Speaking. In T. O. Sloane (Ed.), Encyclopedia of rhetoric (pp. 640-647). New York: Oxford University Press. |
Signed Magazine Article | |
MLA | Johnson, Steven. "Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You?" Discover July 2005: 38-43. |
APA | Johnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video games: Could they actually be good for you? Discover, 26, 38-43. |
Unsigned Magazine Article | |
MLA | "Banking for Native Americans: On the Trail." Economist 19 Feb. 2005: 70. |
APA | Banking for native Americans: On the trail. (2005, February 19). Economist, 374, 70. |
Journal Article, Continuous Pagination | |
MLA | Molinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. "Cracking the Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 (2005): 380-395. |
APA | Molinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y. S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbal code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395. |
Journal Article, Noncontinuous Pagination | |
MLA | Gómez, Christina. "Latino Diversity and Political Representation." Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies 1.2 (2004): 19-32. |
APA | Gómez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political representation. Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, 1(2), 19-32. |
Signed Newspaper Article | |
MLA | Elliot, Andrea. "In a Now-Suspicious America, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination." New York Times 30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13. |
APA | Elliot, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspicious America, Muslim converts face discrimination. New York Times, p. 13A. |
Unsigned Newspaper Article | |
MLA | "Fatal Error: Seat-Belt Use Less in Pickups." Chicago Tribune 16 May 2005, Midwest ed., sec.1: 6. |
APA | Fatal error: Seat-belt use less in pickups. (2005, May 16). Chicago Tribune, section 1, p. 6. |
Signed Newspaper Editorial | |
MLA | Reyes, Raul A. "Cinco de Mayo and Social Security." Editorial. USA Today 6 May 2005, final ed.: 13A. |
APA | Reyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social security [Editorial]. USA Today, p. 13A. |
Unsigned Newspaper Editorial | |
MLA | "Sesame Street's Private Road." Editorial. Christian Science Monitor 12 May 2005: 8. |
APA | Sesame street's private road [Editorial]. (2005, May 12). Christian Science Monitor, p. 8. |
Government Publication | |
MLA | United States. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Indicators of Equal Employment Opportunity—Status and Trends. Washington: GPO, 2004. |
APA | U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004). Indicators of equal employment opportunity—Status and trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. |
Signed Article in Reference Work | |
MLA | Alvarez-Smith, Alma. "Pantoja, Antonia." Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture. Ed. Cordelia Chávez Candelaria. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004. |
APA | Alvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (Vol. 2, pp. 613-614). Westport, CT: Greenwood. |
Unsigned Article in Reference Work | |
MLA | "Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart." African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey, Jr. New York: Facts on File, 2004. |
APA | Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. (2004). In C. W. Carey, Jr. (Ed.), African-American political leaders (pp. 212-215). New York: Facts on File. |
Personal Interview | |
MLA | Velasquez, Andrew. Personal interview. 12 July 2005. |
APA | A. Velasquez (personal communication, July 12, 2005) |
Letter or E-Mail Communication | |
MLA | Ahmed, Mohammed. E-mail interview. 11 Feb. 2005. |
APA | M. Ahmed (personal communication, February 11, 2005) |
Speech or Lecture | |
MLA | Huang, Wensha. Lecture on water pollution. Geography 212: Environmental Science. University of Florida. 25 Feb. 2005. |
APA | Huang, W. (2005, February 25). Water pollution [Lecture]. In Geography 212: Environmental science. University of Florida. |
Television Program | |
MLA | "Medical Tourists." Narr. Bob Simon. I. CBS. WCBS, New York. 24 Apr. 2005. |
APA | Olian, C. (Producer). (2005, April 24). Medical tourists [Television broadcast]. In Sixty minutes. New York: Columbia Broadcasting System. |
Film | |
MLA | The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till. Dir. Keith A. Beauchamp. SJL Management, 2004. |
APA | Beauchamp, K. A. (Director). (2004). The untold story of Emmett Louis Till [Motion picture]. United States. (Available from SJL Management, 400 East 58th Street, Suite 7G, New York, NY 10022) |
Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted Online | |
MLA | Frith, Katherine, Ping Shaw, and Hong Cheng. "The Construction of Beauty: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Women's Magazine Advertising." Journal of Communication 55.1 (2005): 56-70. editorial文章 27 Apr. 2005 </cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdf>. |
APA | Frith, K., Shaw, P., & Cheng, H. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women's magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 56-70. Retrieved April 27, 2005, from /cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdf |
Article in Online Scholarly Journal | |
MLA | Kelsey, Kathleen D., and Alan D'souza. "Student Motivation for Learning at a Distance: Does Interaction Matter?" Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 7.2 (2004): 13 pp. 30 Apr. 2005 <www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kelsey72.html>. |
APA | Kelsey, K. D., & D'souza, A. (2004). Student motivation for learning at a distance: Does interaction matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 7(2). Retrieved April 30, 2005, from www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kelsey72.html |
Online Government Publication | |
MLA | United States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Annual Energy Outlook 2005 With Projections to 2025. Feb. 2005. 13 May 2005 <www.v/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdf>. |
APA | United States Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (2005, February). Annual energy outlook 2005 with projections to 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from www.v/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdf |
Online Newspaper Article | |
MLA | Wulfhorst, Ellen. "Study: Blogs Haven't Displaced Media." Washington Post 16 May 2005. 17 May 2005 <www.washingtonpost/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/ 05/16/AR2005051600884.html>. |
APA | Wulfhorst, E. (2005, May 16). Study: Blogs haven't displaced media. Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2005, from www.washingtonpost |
Online Editorial | |
MLA | Kinsley, Michael. "Remember: You Can't Swat a Fly with a Computer." Editorial. Los Angeles Times 8 May 2005. 11 May 2005 <www.latimes/news/opinion/ la-oe-kinsley8may08,lumn?coll=la-util-op-ed>. |
APA | Kinsley, M. (2005, May 8). Remember: You can't swat a fly with a computer [Editorial]. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from www.latimes/news/ opinion/la-oe-kinsley8may08,lumn?coll=la-util-op-ed |
Online Magazine Article | |
MLA | Herper, Matthew. "Race-Based Medicine Arrives." Forbes 10 May 2005. 11 May 2005 <www.forbes/business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.html>. |
APA | Herper, M. (2005, May 10). Race-based medicine arrives. Forbes. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from www.forbes/business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.html |
Document Accessed from Online Service | |
MLA | McCartney, Anthony. "Online Thieves Are Fishing For Suckers." Tampa Tribune 9 Feb. 2005: 9. Academic Universe: News. Lexis-Nexis. Memorial Library, Madison, WI. 4 June 2005 <web.lexis-nexis/universe/>. |
APA | McCartney, A. (2005, February 9). Online thieves are fishing for suckers. Tampa Tribune. Retrieved April 29, 2005, from Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe database. |
Online Document from Broadcast | |
MLA | "Paleontologist Disputes Altering Discovery." CNN. 2005. Cable News Network. 13 May 2005 <wwwn/2005/TECH/science/05/vies.ap/index.html>. |
APA | Paleontologist disputes altering discovery. (2005, May 13). Cable News Network. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from wwwn/2005/TECH/science/05/vies.ap /index.html |
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