语篇衔接与翻译
1. This plan was brought into being in 1948. Its aim is to prevent anyone from going without medical services, if he needs them, however poor he may be; to ensure that a person who is out of work shall receive a weekly sum of money to subsist on; and to provide a small pension for those who have reached the age of retirement.
这一计划是在1948年出台的，其目的是使任何需要就医的人都能得到医治，不管他有多穷；确保每一个失业者每个星期都能领到一份救济金；并为那些到了退休年龄的人提供数额不大的退休金。
2. The Japan Society’s crash course on how to bridge the chasm between Japanese and American mangers forces participants to examine their own cultural assumptions, as well as to learn about the other side. [ˈkæzəm]大分歧
日本社团开设的如何跨越日美管理人员之间鸿沟的速成课程要求参加者既要了解美国管理人员的文化习惯，又要审视自己的文化习惯。
3. First of all, I would like to apologize for your order not being delivered on the date we agreed in our contract and also for the difficulties you have had in trying to reach me. As you may have heard in the news, we have experienced a major industrial dispute. The dispute involved all employees and as a result, all production came to a complete standstill. Secretarial and administrative staff were also involved; this is why it has been so difficult for you to reach me.
work
首先，我要向您致歉：为我方未能按照合同约定日期发送贵方订购的产品致歉，也为您在试图与我取得联系的过程中所遭遇的重重困难而致歉。您可能已从新闻中得知，我们经历了一次重大的劳资纠纷。所有的员工都卷入了这场纠纷，致使全部生产陷入完全停顿状态。秘书和行政人员也卷入了纠纷，这就是您难以与我取得联系的原因。
4. Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-produce it, and this made it available to the ordinary man. Many automobiles were being built by hand at the turn of the century and were much too expensive for all but the wealthy.
Henry Ford没有发明汽车，但他却是使用批量生产汽车的第一人，从而使普通人也能拥有汽车。20世纪初，许多汽车是手工制作的，对于普通人来说价格昂贵，只有少数富人能够享用得起。
5. This is the year, they predict, that Web-enabled phones will take off, both here and in Europe. If you don’t already have one, you’ll probably find one under the Christmas tree.
他们预言：今年将是可上网手机在这里和欧洲开始流行的一年。如果你还没有一部这样的手机，今年圣诞节就会在圣诞树下发现一部作为礼物的可上网手机。
6. Economist Sees a Deeper Slump Than Predicted
The long-awaited recession has apparently arrived and many economists are now saying that the downturn in the nation’s economic activity will be deeper and longer than previously forecast.
经济衰退严重，超出专家预料。
显然，早已预测到的经济萧条已经到来，目前许多经济学家预言，本国的经济滑坡可能比原先预料的更为严重，持续时间更长。
7. Four months before election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversized calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning, the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn.
离大选还有四个月，里根－布什总部的一间小会议室里聚集了五个人，他们审视着一分标有１９８４年总统竞选活动所剩日期的巨型日历。那是六月份最后一个星期六，早晨十点钟，办公室里实际已没有其他人。尽管如此，这几个人还是把门关好，还小心翼翼地拉上窗帘。
8. Many Third World nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen an emigration of workers to the developed nations. Western Europe has received millions of such workers from Mediterranean countries. The developing nations profit when these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills bac
k home. Many developing nations benefit when Western nations establish manufacturing in their countries to take advantage of cheap labor.
在很多失业率高、工资低的第三世界国家出现了工人移居发达国家的现象。西欧就接受了数百万来自地中海国家的廉价劳动力。当这些工人把他们的积蓄和学到的技术带回本国时，这些发展中国家就受益了。西方国家在发展中国家利用廉价的劳动力开办工厂，同时也使发展中国家从中得到了好处。
9. One of the things we have to understand about Japanese society is its gender structure, a structure similar to what the United States had in the 1950s. Women do all the domestic labor. Men are in the factories and shops and they’re working long hours, but they don’t do much work when they come home. They don’t take care of children, they don’t do housework, cooking, etc. In the U.S. there are both men and women in the work force and both men and women at home. Japanese workers may work longer in the marketplace, but you have to calculate the total amount of work that people do to figure out how hard people are working and how much leisure time they have.
我们必须了解日本社会的一个特点，那就是它的性别结构，与美国20世纪50年代类似的结构。妇女包揽全部家务劳动，男人到工厂、商店上班，工作时间很长，但回到家里就不干多少活了。他们不看管孩子，不做家务，不做饭，等等。在美国，男女都参加工作，也都从事家务劳动。日本男人可能在职场劳动时间较长，但我们在评估人们的劳动程度大小和计算闲暇时间多少时，必须把职场劳动和家务劳动都包括在内。
10. In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position.
此外，英语还是贸易语言，并取代了原来法语和德语的位置而成为许多国家的第二语言。
11. Credit cards enable their holders to obtain goods and services on credit. They are issued by retail stores, banks, credit card companies to approved clients. The bank or credit card company settles the client’s bills, invoicing him monthly and charging interest on any outstanding debts. Their profit comes from the high rate of interest charged, the card-holder’s subscriptions, and the fees paid by some organizations that accept cards.
信用卡能使持卡人通过赊账的方式购买商品、得到服务。信用卡经零售店、银行和信用卡公司发给经过认可的客户。银行或信用卡公司结清客户的账单，按月给客户开列其消费清单，收取欠款的利息。这些金融机构的利润来自收取的高额利息、持卡人支付的认购费以及接受信用卡消费的单位缴纳的代理费。
12. “The law,” wrote the great American jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., “embodies the story of a nation’s development through many centuries.” He might have added that it can also reflect a society’s breakdown, which is exactly what happened in China during the Cultural Revolution. During those final, anarchic years of Mao Tse-tung’s rule, law schools were closed, fair trials abolished and the civil code attacked as a tool of the bourgeoisie. (from NEWSWEEK, June, 1986)