《电子信息工程专业英语教程(第5版)》题库
Section A 术语互译
课文
核心专业术语
1
transistor  晶体管
semiconductor  半导体
LSI  Large-scale Integration  大规模集成（电路）
VLSI  Very Large-scale Integration  超大规模集成（电路）
2
register  寄存器
cache  高速缓存
capacitor  电容器
flip flop  触发器
interface circuitry  接口电路
CMOS  Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor  互补金属氧化物半导体
ECL  Emitter Coupled Logic  射极耦合逻辑
3
latch 锁存器
buffer 缓存器
boot sector 引导扇区
assembly language 汇编语言
BIOS  Basic Input Output System 基本输入输出系统
MIPS  Million Instructions Per Second 每秒百万条指令
4
comparator 比较器
oscillator  振荡器
current source 电流源
voltage source 电压源
level shifter 电平移动器
signal conditioner 信号调理器
5
angular frequency 角频率
quality factor 品质因数
DC Direct Current 直流电
AC Alternating Current 交流电
6
decimation  抽取
interpolation 插值
reference voltage 参考电压
successive approximation 逐次逼近法
electron vue教程
7
inductor 电感器
rectifier 整流器
regulator 稳压器
conductivity  导电性
linear regulator 线性稳压器
load current 负载电流
8
oscillator 振荡器
detector  检波器
series resonant 串联谐振
parallel resonant 并联谐振
phase detector 鉴相器, 相位检测器
frequency detector 鉴频器, 频率检测器
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器
PLL  Phase Locked Loop 锁相环
9
pad  焊盘
lead 引线
power loss 功率损耗
frequency response 频率响应
motherboard  主板，母板
daughter board  插件板，子板
VSWR  Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 电压驻波比
10
antenna 天线
base station
end office 端局
FCC Federal Communications Commission 联邦通信委员会
PSTN  Public Switched Telephone Network 公共交换电话网
11
vocoder 声码器
simplex 单工，单向通信
delta modulation 增量调制
spread spectrum communication 扩频通信
TDM  Time Division Multiplexing 时分复用
FDM  Frequency-division multiplexing 频分复用
12
modem 调制解调器
ethernet 以太网
power supply 电源
heat sink 散热片
USB Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线
HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface 高清晰度多媒体接口
POST power-on self-test 开机自检
OS  Operating System 操作系统
13
schematic  原理图
embedded system 嵌入式系统
design flow 设计流程
present state 现态
next state 次态
EDA  Electronic Design Automation 电子设计自动化
HDL  Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言
ASIC  Application Specific Integrated Circuit 专用集成电路
FPGA  Field Programmable Gate Array 现场可编程门阵列
14
prototype  样机
cryptography  密码学
state machine 状态机
P  microprocessor 微处理器
SoC  System-on-Chip 片上系统
15
stimulus  激励源
timing  时序
high impedance 高阻
16
aliasing  混叠
spectrum  频谱
sample and hold circuit 采样保持电路
anti-aliasing filter 抗混叠滤波器
full scale range 满量程范围
dynamic range 动态范围
DSP  Digital Signal Processor 数字信号处理器
GPP  General Purpose Processor 通用处理器
17
multiplier  乘法器
accumulator  累加器
Von Neumann architecture 冯•诺依曼结构
Harvard architecture 哈佛结构
18
filtering 滤波
crystal 晶体
passband 通带
stopband 阻带
voltage reference 参考电压
cutoff frequency 截止频率
ADC  Analog to Digital Converter 模数转换器
DAC  Digital to Analog Converter 数模转换器
MIPS  Million Instructions Per Second 每秒百万条指令数
SPS  Sample Per Second 每秒样本数
19
block diagram 框图
data rate 数据率
Reed-Solomon coding 里德-索罗蒙编码（RS编码）
Bessel filter 贝塞耳滤波器
20
oscilloscope 示波器
transmission bandwidth 传输带宽
MPEG  Motion Picture Experts Group 运动图象专家组
21
handoff  越区切换
baud 波特
video conference 视频会议
network operator 网络运营商
chip rate 码片速率
time slot 时隙
ADSL  Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop 非对称数字用户线
DSSS  Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 直序扩频
22
edge detection 边缘检测
object recognition 目标识别
magnitude spectrum 幅度谱
phase spectrum 相位谱
DCT Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换
23
resolution 分辨率
CCD  Charge Coupled Device 电荷耦合器件
LCD  Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器
24
luminance 亮度
chrominance 度
carrier wave 载波
25
RISC Reduced Instruction-Set Computer 精简指令集计算机
JTAG Joint Test Action Group 联合测试行动组
26
operand  操作数
thread  线程
concurrent process 并发进程
truth table 真值表
program counter 程序计数器
addressing mode 寻址模式
RTOS Real-Time Operating System 实时操作系统
27
algorithm  算法
device driver 设备驱动程序
28
oscilloscope 示波器
multiplexer  多路复用器
logic analyzer 逻辑分析仪
stimulus signal 激励信号
AWG  Arbitrary Waveform Generator 任意波形发生器
DMM  digital multimeter 数字多用表
29
transducer  传感器
attenuator  衰减器
electron beam 电子束
fundamental frequency 基频
CRT  Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管
30
probe  探头
timing diagram 时序图
propagation delay 传输延迟
SUT System Under Test 被测系统
Section B 段落翻译
编号m.n代表第m课第n段；此外，a代表前半段，b代表后半段
编号
中英文对照
1.2
The advantages of the transistor over the vacuum tube were enormous. Compared to the old technology, transistors were much smaller, faster, and cheaper to manufacture. They were also far more reliable and used much less power. The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.
和真空管相比，晶体管具备巨大的优势——尺寸小、速度快、成本低，性能更可靠、耗能也更少。晶体管的发明带来了计算机工业的蓬勃发展。
1.5
By careful chemical composition and arrangement, it is possible to create a very small transistor directly on a layer of silicon, using various technologies to manipulate the material into the correct form. These transistors are small, fast and reliable, and use relatively little power.
通过精密的化学合成和设计、运用多种材料处理技术，可以在硅层上直接构造极小的晶体管。这种晶体管体积小、速度快、功能可靠，耗能也少。
2.1
Memories can be made in mechanical, magnetic, optical, biological and electronic technologies. Examples of magnetic memories are tapes, floppy disks, hard drives and ferroelectric RAMs. Examples of optical memories are CD-ROMs, rewritable CDs. Electronic memory is used extensively in computer equipment since it is the fastest available.
制造存储器件，可采用机械技术、磁技术、光技术、生物技术和电子技术。软盘、硬盘和铁电随机存储器属于磁存储器件。光存储器件有只读光盘、可写光盘。在计算机设备中，广泛使用的是电子存储器件，因为它是当前速度最快的存储器件。
2.5
SRAM comes in many speed classes, ranging from several ns for cache applications to 200ns for low power applications. SRAM exists in both bipolar and MOS technology. CMOS[3] technology boasts the highest density and the lowest power consumption. Fast cache memory can be constructed in BiCMOS technology, a hybrid technology that uses bipolar transistors for extra drive. The fastest SRAM memories are available in ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) bipolar technology. Because of the high power consumption, the memory size is limited in this technology.
SRAM的速度等级很多：从高速缓存的几个纳秒到低速应用的200 ns。双极性SRAM和MOS SRAM现在都有。CMOS技术的优势在于密度最高、功耗最低。高速缓存可以使用BiCMOS技术构建；BiCMOS是一种混合技术，它使用双极性晶体管作为附加的驱动。采用“射极耦合逻辑”（ECL）双极性技术的SRAM具有最快的速度。由于这种技术的功耗高，所以存储器容量受到限制。
2.10
The advantage of ROM is that it can be manufactured at the lowest price in high volumes. Another advantage in some applications is that it is impossible to alter the data once the chips are made, and that no further programming and testing are required. On the other hand, if the data or code must be changed this can be a small disaster. The rest of the chips will end in the dustbin and new chips will have to be made.
ROM的优点是量产价格最低。对于某些应用来说，ROM还具备另外一个优点——当芯片制造出来后，其中的数据就不能再改了，也就不需要进一步编程、测试了。但是，假如数据或代码非改不可的话，那么采用ROM就是大错特错。剩余的ROM芯片只好丢进垃圾桶，还得重新制造芯片。
3.14
ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of pre-set bytes. The address bus tells the ROM chip which byte to get and place on the data bus. When the RD line changes state, the ROM chip presents the selected byte onto the data bus.
ROM是指“只读存储器”。ROM芯片是用一组预设字节编程得到的。地址总线告知ROM芯片要将哪个字节取出并置于数据总线上。当RD信号线改变状态时，ROM芯片将选中的字节输出到数据总线上。
3.15
RAM stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled. One problem with today's RAM chips is that they forget everything once the power goes off. That is why the computer needs ROM.
RAM是指“随机存取存储器”。RAM中包含着以字节为单位的信息，微处理器能够依据RD/WR信号哪个有效来决定字节的读/写。当前RAM芯片的一个问题是：掉电后，所有保存在RAM上的内容全部丢失。这就是计算机需要ROM的原因。
3.21
More transistors also allow for a technology called pipelining[6].In a pipelined architecture, instruction execution overlaps. So even though it might take five clock cycles to execute each instruction, there can be five instructions in various stages of execution simultaneously. That way it looks like one instruction completes every clock cycle.
有了更多的晶体管，就可以使用流水线技术。在流水线结构中，指令的执行是重叠的。尽管执行每条指令可能需要5个周期，却可以在不同阶段同时执行5条指令。这样看上去好像每个周期都能完成一条指令。
3.22
Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, each with its own pipeline. This allows for multiple instruction streams, which means that more than one instruction can complete during each clock cycle. This technique can be quite complex to implement, so it takes lots of transistors.
许多现代处理器有多个指令译码器，而每个指令译码器都有各自的流水线。这样，就可以实现“多指令流”——在一个周期内完成多条指令。“多指令流”技术实现起来相当复杂，需要使用大量晶体管。
4.8a
The first signal conditioning op amps were constructed with vacuum tubes prior to the introduction of transistors, so they were large and bulky. During the 1950s, miniature vacuum tubes that worked from lower voltage power supplies enabled the manufacture of op amps that shrunk to the size of a brick used in house construction, so the op amp modules were nicknamed bricks. Vacuum tube size and component size decreased until an op amp was shrunk to the size of a single octal vacuum tube.
在晶体管出现前，第一个用于信号调理的运放是用真空管构建的，因此它的体积很大。20世纪50年代，低电压工作的小型真空管使运放的体积缩小到一块砖的大小，因此运放模块有了个绰号“砖块”。真空管和元器件体积不断缩小，直至运放缩至一只八脚真空管的大小。
4.8b
Transistors were commercially developed in the 1960s, and they further reduced op amp size to several cubic inches. Most of these early op amps were made for specific applications, so they were not necessarily general purpose. The early op amps served a specific purpose, but each manufacturer had different specifications and packages; hence, there was little second sourcing among the early op amps.
在20世纪60年代，晶体管实现了商业开发，这进一步将运放的体积减至几立方英寸。早期运放大多是为特定应用制造的，所以它们不一定通用；早期运放是为某种特定应用服务的，而每个生产商制定的技术指标和封装都各不相同；所以，早期运放几乎都不存在另外的货源。
6.2a
The flash converter operates by simultaneously presenting the input signal to a bank of 2N–1 comparators, whose reference voltages are set by a resistor chain to exactly correspond to all of the possible sample levels which can be represented by the converter. The output from each comparator (either a 1 or a 0) is then encoded into an N-bit word representing the input sample level.
闪式ADC将输入信号同时置于一列（2N-1个）比较器之前，比较器的参考电压由一组电阻设定，参考电压精确对应于转换器能代表的全部采样电压。比较器的输出（0或1）被编码成N位码字以代表输入采样信号电平。
6.2b
The flash converter is the most simple, most intuitive and also the fastest solution for ADC implementation. For large numbers of bits (e.g. >14 bits), the number of resistors needed (2N–1) becomes prohibitively large for most practical applications. Also, the power consumption is considerably higher than some of the slightly slower and more exotic solutions.
闪式ADC是最简单、最直观和最快速的ADC实现方案。对于多数实际应用而言，当位数较多时（如大于14位），所需的电阻数量就太大了。与一些速度稍慢、特殊的模数转换方案相比，闪式ADC的功耗明显要高。
7.1
Every new electronic product, except those that are battery powered, requires converting off–line 115 Vac or 230 Vac power to some dc voltage for powering the electronics. Efficient conversion of electrical power is becoming a primary concern to companies and to society as a whole. Switching power supplies offer not only higher efficiencies but also offer greater flexibility to the designer. Recent advances in semiconductor, magnetic and passive technologies make the switching power supply an ever more popular choice in the power conversion arena today.
除了电池供电的电子产品外，新型电子产品都需要将115V或230V交流电源转换为直流电源为电路供电。而电能转换效率正在成为业界以及整个社会关注的重点。开关电源不仅提供了较高的转换效率，而且为设计者提供了更大的灵活性。半导体技术、磁器件和无源器件技术的发展使开关电源在当今功率转换的舞台上成为日益流行的选择。
8.2
A Crystal is a basic piezoelectric quartz crystal. On its own, it cannot generate electrical clocks. It has to be connected to a clock oscillator to get a clock waveform. There are two kinds of crystals; Series Resonant, which can be modeled as a high Q series L-C circuit, and Parallel Resonant, which can be modeled as a high Q parallel L-C circuit. The series resonant crystal has minimum impedance at the resonating frequency, while the parallel resonant crystal has maximum impedance at the resonating frequency.
晶体是一种基本的压电石英晶体。它本身是不能产生时钟信号的，必须和时钟振荡器连接在一起才能得到时钟波形。晶体有两种：串联谐振晶体（可视作高品质因数的串联LC电路）和并联谐振晶体（可视作高品质因数的并联LC电路）。串联谐振晶体在谐振频率点的阻抗最小，而并联谐振晶体在谐振频率点的阻抗最大。
9.2
Signal integrity is defined by loss of quality of the input signal. Ideally, the signal at the output of an interconnect should be equal in all characteristics with the signal at the input of the interconnect. In reality, signal degradation occurs. The user must define what level of degradation is acceptable or, alternatively, must define minimum acceptable signal levels at the output.
“信号完整性”是指输入信号的质量损失。在理想情况下，互连部件输出端信号的所有特性和输入端信号完全相同。在实际当中，输出端信号质量会下降。用户必须明确可接受的质量下降程度，或者必须定义输出端信号最小可接受电平。
9.3a
In today’s designs, with clock rates over 100 MHz and rise times commonly 1 ns or less, designers cannot ignore the role interconnections play in a logic design. Interconnect effects can play a significant part in the timing and noise characteristics of a circuit. The faster clock rates and rise times increase both capacitive and inductive coupling effects, which makes crosstalk problems greater.
今天，时钟速率超过100MHz，上升时间通常为1ns以下；设计者不能无视互连部件对逻辑设计的影响。对电路的时序特性和噪声特性，互连部件都有显著的影响。时钟速率和上升时间的加快增加了容性耦合效应和感性耦合效应，这使得串扰问题更加严重。
9.6
Two types of crosstalk can be generated: backward crosstalk and forward crosstalk. Backward, also called near-end crosstalk, is measured at the driving end of the connector and represents the sum of the capacitive and inductive coupling. Forward, also called far-end crosstalk, is measured at the receiving end of the connector and represents capacitive minus inductive coupling.
串扰分成“后向串扰”和“前向串扰”两类。“后向串扰”也叫“近端串扰”，它在连接器的驱动端进行测量，代表了容性耦合和感性耦合之和。“前向串扰”也叫“远端串扰”，它在连接器的接收端进行测量，代表了容性耦合和感性耦合之差。
10.1
Wireless telephones come in two basic varieties: cordless phones and mobile phones (sometimes called cell phones). Cordless phones are devices consisting of a base station and a handset sold as a set for use within the home. These are never used for networking. Mobile phones have gone through three distinct generations, with different technologies: (1) Analog voice (2) Digital voice (3) Digital voice and data.
无线移动电话分为两大类：无绳电话和移动电话。无绳电话由和室内手持设备组成。无绳电话不支持网络传输。移动电话的发展经历了三个时期，各有不同的技术：（1）模拟语音（2）数字语音（3）数字语音和数据。
10.9a
In all mobile phone systems, a geographic region is divided up into cells, which is why the devices are sometimes called cell phones. In AMPS, the cells are typically 10 to 20 km across; in digital systems, the cells are smaller. Each cell uses some set of frequencies not used by any of its neighbors. The key idea that gives cellular systems far more capacity than previous systems is the use of relatively small cells and the reuse of transmission frequencies in nearby (but not adjacent) cells.
在移动电话系统中，地理区域分成一个个蜂窝状的小区。这就是“移动电话”也称作“蜂窝电话”的原因。在AMPS系统中，蜂窝小区的典型大小为10～20km；在数字系统中，蜂窝小区要小一些。每个小区使用一组特定的频率，这组频率在其临近的任何小区都不能使用。使蜂窝系统具备很大容量的关键在于使用了较小的蜂窝小区和在附近（但不是临近的）小区重复使用频率。
11.9a
A GSM system has 124 pairs of simplex channels. Each simplex channel is 200 kHz wide and supports eight separate connections on it, using time division multiplexing. Each currently active station is assigned one time slot on one channel pair. Theoretically, 992 channels can be supported in each cell, but many of them are not available, to avoid frequency conflicts with neighbouring cells.
GSM系统拥有124对单工信道。每个单工信道带宽为200kHz，并以时分复用的方式提供了8路独立连接。每个正在使用的都会分配到频率对上的一个时隙。从理论上讲，每个蜂窝小区可以支持992个信道；但为了避免和邻近蜂窝小区发生频率冲突，许多信道并不能使用。
12.2
A PC is a general-purpose tool built around a microprocessor. It has lots of different parts - memory, a hard disk, a modem, etc. - that work together. "General purpose" means that you can do many different things with a PC. You can use it to type documents, send e-mail, browse the Web and play games.
PC是一种以微处理器为中心的通用工具。它由存储器、硬盘、调制解调器等很多不同的部件共同构成。所谓“通用”是指使用PC可以做许多不同的事情。既可以用它录入文件，也可以用它发送、浏览网页和玩游戏。
12.16
The BIOS is software stored on a flash memory chip. In a PC, the BIOS is embedded on the motherboard. Occasionally, a PC manufacturer will release an update for the BIOS, and you can carefully follow instructions to "flash the BIOS" with the updated software.
BIOS是储存在闪存芯片中的软件。闪存芯片嵌在PC的主板上。有时候，PC制造商会发布BIOS更新，你可以按照说明“刷新BIOS”。
12.19b
The POST is a small computer program within the BIOS that checks for hardware failures. A single beep after the POST signals that everything's okay. Other beep sequences signal a hardware failure, and PC repair specialists compare these sequences with a chart to determine which component has failed.
POST是BIOS中的硬件故障检测程序。如果一切正常，蜂鸣器就会鸣叫一声。如果蜂鸣器发出其他声响，就说明出现了硬件故障。根据鸣叫情况，PC维修人员对照图表判定哪个部件出现了故障。
13.4b
Two HDLs are in common usage today: Verilog and VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language, where VHSIC stands for Very High Speed Integrated Circuit). Standard HDLs are important because they can be used by different CAD tools from different tool vendors. In the days before Verilog and VHDL, every tool had its own HDL, requiring laborious translation between HDLs, for example, to verify the output from a synthesis tool with another vendor's simulator.
Verilog和VHDL（VHSIC硬件描述语言，VHSIC代表超高速集成电路）是两种广泛应用的硬件描述语言。标准化HDL是很重要的，因为标准化语言可以被不同生产商提供的不同CAD工具使用。在Verilog和VHDL出现之前，每个CAD工具都有自己的HDL。在不同HDL之间进行转换（例如，使用其他模拟器来验证某个综合工具的输出）既费时又费力。
13.5
The basic building blocks of digital circuits are gates. A gate is an electronic component with a number of inputs and, generally, a single output. The inputs and the outputs are normally in one of two states: logic 0 or logic l. These logic values are represented by voltages (for instance, 0 V for logic 0 and 3. 3 V for logic 1) or currents. The gate itself performs a logical operation using all of its inputs to generate the output.
门电路是构成数字电路的基本模块。门电路是由几个输入和（通常情况下）一个输出组成的电子器件。在通常情况下，输入和输出是“逻辑0”、“逻辑1”两状态之一。逻辑值可以由电压（例如，0V代表“逻辑0”，3.3V代表“逻辑1”）或电流来表示。门电路利用全部输入实现某种逻辑运算以产生输出。
14.3a
The “field programmable” portion of the FPGA’s name refers to the fact that its programming takes place “in the field” (as opposed to devices whose internal functionality is hardwired by the manufacturer). This may mean that FPGAs are configured in the laboratory, or it may refer to modifying the function of a device resident in an electronic system that has already been deployed in the outside world.
FPGA名称中的“现场可编程”是指研发人员“在现场”对FPGA编程，而不是由芯片制造商以“硬连线”方式实现器件的内部功能。也就是说，可以在实验室对FPGA进行配置，也可以对“已投入使用的”电子系统中的FPGA进行配置。
15.2a
VHDL is also a general-purpose programming language: just as high-level programming languages allow complex design concepts to be expressed as computer programs, VHDL allows the behavior of complex electronic circuits to be captured into a design system for automatic circuit synthesis or for system simulation.
VHDL是一种通用编程语言。和其他高级编程语言一样，VHDL将复杂的设计概念表达为计算机程序；为了实现电路自动综合或系统仿真，VHDL可将复杂电子电路的行为输入到一个设计系统中。
16.1b
Analog signals are real world signals that we experience everyday - sound, light, temperature, and pressure. A digital signal is a numerical representation of the analog signal. It may be easier and more cost effective to process these signals in the digital world.
我们天天遇到的现实世界信号都是模拟信号——如声音、光、温度和压力。数字信号是模拟信号的数值表示。在数字世界里，对这些信号进行处理可能会更容易、成本更低。
16.12b
A DSP is a type of microprocessor - one that is incredibly fast and powerful. It is unique because it processes data in real time. This real-time capability makes a DSP perfect for applications that cannot tolerate any delays.