1.P1 问答
Three conquests（时间+意义）:
1)The Roman conquest, 55 BC, civilized, Christianized
2)The English conquest, 5th century, old English, starting point of English literature
3)The Norman conquest, 1066, Mid-English, establishment of feudalism.
2.P3选择，填空，判断
Beowulf, the national epic of English people.
3.P4 诗歌翻译
  “Thus made their mourning the men of Geatland,     坟墓周围，勇士们骑着战马，
      For their hero’s passing, his hearth-companions     为逝去的国王唱起挽歌，
  Quoth that of all the kings of earth,         高赞你的懿德，分享你的恩泽，哀叹你的陨落，
        Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,       人们称你为最可亲最可敬的国王，
  To his kin the kindest,keenest to praise.”           你对人们总是最仁爱最热心，
            你最渴望的就是人们对你的赞扬。
4. P5 名词解释，问答
  Features of Beowulf:
1)The use of alliteration. (头韵)
  (定义：in alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.)
2)The use of metaphors and of understatements（隐喻）
  (Grendel represents forest, she-monster represents water, fire-dragon represents sky)
5.P8 选择 填空 判断
英国Romance代表作: adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table
（《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》，同时也是骑士文学代表作）
6.P9 问答
  The class nature of the romance：
1)The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.
2)They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.
7.P17 选择 填空 名词解释
The Ballads(民谣): the most important department of English folk literature.
1)定义：①A ballad is a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and forth lines rhymed. ②They are mainly the literature of peasants, and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.
2)代表作：The Robin Hood Ballads (罗宾汉民谣)
8.P19 选择 填空 判断
1)Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, was born about 1340 in London.
2)The Canterbury Tales (坎特伯雷故事集) is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.
9.P25 问答
Chaucer’s language and contribution:
1)Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is master of word-pictures.
2)He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.
3)Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London standard for the modern English speech.
10. P27 问答
Preparation for the English Renaissance:
1)The establishment of the new monarchy
2)Religious Reformation: the appearance of Protestantism
3)Language and cultural preparation: the publish of English Bible
11.P28 名词解释 选择 判断
King James Bible: the authorized version of English Bible, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James.
12.P30-31名词解释 问答(文艺复兴：全答；人文主义：第三点)
1)Renaissance 定义：The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.
2)Features of Renaissance:
①The one is the thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.
②The Renaissance is the keen interests in the activities of humanity.
3)Humanism 定义：Humanism is the keynote of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, which saw the world opening before it. According to th
e humanists, both men and the world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.
13.P40-42 选择 判断 填空
1)Edmund Spenser代表作：The Faerie Queene《仙后》
2)The Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞体）定义：The Faerie Queene is written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.
14.P43 诗歌翻译
A gentle Knight was pricking(=spurring) on the plaine, 一位高贵的骑士正策马穿过平原，
Y-cladd(=clad) in mightie armes and silver shielde,   他全副武装，手持银盾，
Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remain,       盾上仍留着陈旧的深深的凹痕，
monarchyThe cruell markes of many a bloody fielde;           这残酷的标记来自多次血腥的战阵；
Yet armes till that time did he never wield:           但这些武器至今他还未用过；
His angry steede did chide his foming(=foaming) bitt, 他那愤怒的坐骑暴躁地咬着马勒，
As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:           似乎桀骜不驯，不愿受主人的控制；