介词短语在句中的用法和判别
一、介词和介词短语的形式
介词的形式可以是单个的词,如 at, in, by, of 等;也可以由几个词组成,如 out of(出自;在外),instead of(代替;而不是),because of(由于),in spite of(尽管),by means of(借助于)等;还可以由某些动词的分词形式转化成介词,如 considering(考虑到),including(包括),regarding(关于)等。
介词不能独立担任句子成分,而必须与名词、代词、数词、动名词构成介词短语,有时还可以把副词、介词短语、复合结构和从句作为介词的宾语(参阅第 138 节宾语例 1014 等)。兹举例如下:
1.They are friends of the Chinese people. 他们是中国人民的朋友。(介词+名词)
2.Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的每个东西都是物质。(介词+代词)
3.Everything divides into two. 事物都是一分为二的。(介词+数词)
4.They work at the instruments factory near here. 他们在这里附近的仪表厂工作。(介词+副词。本结构详见第 140、一。)
5.After reading the book, I got to know something about internet phones. 把这本书读完之后,我开始对因特网电话有所了解。(介词+动名词短语)
6.It is understood that this machine is out of action. 不用说,这台机器坏了。(复合介词+名词)
7.The effects vary from (being) negligible, if below the concentration range, to deadly if above. 如果低于该浓度范围,效果是微不足道的;如果高于该范围,则效果是致命的。(介词+动名词短语。注意 from to 之间插入条件从句,并且有省略成份。)
8.With water transformed into steam, the locomotive gains a motive force. (等于 As water is transformed into steam, )随着水变成蒸汽,机车获得了动力。(介词+复合结构)
9.She is well-qualified in typing and very efficient at her work. 她打字完全合格并且工作十分有效。(介词+动名词或名词)
10.John is slow at understanding, but you have to be patient with him. 约翰理解慢,但你得耐心对待他。(同上)
11.a. She is angry with her child. 她跟她的孩子生气。(介词+名词)
b. She is angry about her child staying out so late. 她对她的小孩在外逗留那么晚感到生气。(about 接一个复合结构。)
c. They were angry at being asked such a question. 他们对被提问这样一个问题而感到生气。(at 接一个被动态的动名词短语。)
从上述 abc 三句中可看出,根据不同的需要,形容词 angry 后面用了三个不同的介词来表示三种不同的情况。
1:介词后的复合结构类型不少,详见第 54 节、一、ⅩⅣ B 5111314,和 Cweight的用法搭配
1.I know little concerning ( touching) the computer viruses. 关于这些计算机病毒我知道很少。(由分词转来的介词+名词)
2.Power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed. 电力能输送到需用电的任何地方。(介词+介词宾语从句)
2:单独由介词通过连词 that 引出介词宾语从句的并不多见(仅 except thatbesides thatin that 等几个),后接由疑问词引出的介词宾语从句较为常见。
1I know nothing about him except that he lives next door. 除了他住在隔壁以外,我对他一无所知。
2Besides that he used the computer, he repaired it when it was out of order. 他不仅使用了这台计算机,并且当计算机发生故障时还进行了修理。
3We disagreed in that the plan was not practical. 当时我们不同意是由于该计划不切合实际。(也可理解为引出原因从句。)
3:大多数介词是通过疑问词引出介词宾语从句的,较少数通过先行代词 it, 再由 that 引出介词宾语从句,极少数直接由 that 引出介词宾语从句。例如:
1What do you know about how rain and snow are formed? 关于雨雪怎样形成,你知道些什么呢?
2One of the more serious problems is that of what measures we can take to get more fresh water. 较为严重的问题之一是我们采取什么措施才能获得更多的淡水(that 代表前面 problems 中的单数。)
3They can count on it that you will help them overcome the difficulty. 他们可以指靠你们帮助他们克服困难。
4He agrees on it that I shall go to Beijing on business. 他同意我去北京出差。
5We insist (on it) that he (should) be present at the conference. 我们不坚持要他出席会议。
6The accident couldn't have happened except that it did. 那事故本来不可能发生,但却发生了。
4:任意疑问词+不定式在句中可以顶一个名词用,作介词的宾语,而介词 except but 还可用带 to 或不带 to 的不定式动词作为介词宾语。
1He didn't know anything about how to go abroad for further studies. 当时他对于如何出国深造一无所知。
2The question of where to learn spoken Chinese is quite important. 在哪里学汉语口语的问题是很重要的。
3I cannot choose but ( except) to go there by air. 我别无选择,只能坐飞机去那里。
4She will do anything but come here once more. 她绝不再次到这里来。(介词 but 前出现 do,故后面不定式动词就不带 to。)
二、介词短语在句中的作用
Ⅰ. 作定语:
1.The formula for kinetic energy is applicable to any object that is moving. 动能公式可适用于任何运动的物体。
2.Did you like the last grand fashion show of the 20th century? 你(当时)喜欢 20 世纪最
后一次盛大的服装展览吗?
3.A hydrogen molecule consists only of two hydrogen atoms with the same atomic weight. 氢分子仅由两个原子量相同的氢原子所组成。
注意有些介词短语表示数量(包括倍数)的范围,可用作前置定语。例如:
1.To evaporate 1 lb of water from a solution, form 1,000 to 1,200 Btu is needed, and this calls for from 1 to 1.3 lb of steam. 从溶液中蒸发出1磅水,需要 1000 1200 英热单位,而这就需要 l 1.3 磅水蒸汽。
II. 作状语:
1.In these circumstances the potential energy turns to kinetic energy. 在这些情况下,位能变为动能。
2.In large amounts petroleum is used for manufacturing many chemicals. 石油大量地用于制造许多化工产品。(若将 in large amounts 挪到句末,则它就说明动名词 manufacturing。)
3.In spite of the difficulties, we went on with our work. 尽管有困难,当时我们仍继续工作。
4.We should on no account ( should not on any account) neglect our daily physical exercises. 我们决不应该忽视每天的体育锻炼。
5.We must never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses. 我们永远一刻也不脱离众。
6.Jenny lives across the street from us. 詹妮住在我们街道对面。
7.Such strange animals have at times been seen. 这样一些奇怪的动物有时就见到。