考点01 名词(核心考点精讲精练)
1. 三年真题考点分布
题型
语法填空
高考考点
名词
新高考I卷
2023
tasty(taste)
2022
populations(population)
2021
humans(human)
新高考
2023
(arrive)arrival
(interview)interviews
2022
son’s(son)
2021
representative(represent)
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于名词的考查共计7次,主要考查:
1.给出名词提示词,考查名词的数;
2.给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词,填写名词;
3. 名词所有格;
4.名词的固定搭配。
【备考策略】熟练掌握名词单数变复数的基本规则,根据句意或主谓一致原则确定名词的数;明确形容词与名词、冠词与名词之间的修饰关系以及在句中所作成分,确定名词的恰当形式。另外,在学习过程中,要注意一词多义和旧词新义。
【命题预测】
语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点,主要集中在给出词根进行词类转化,根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词,名词的复数形式,所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。
考点一、名词单数变复数的用法
(1)名词变复数的规则
一般情况下
在词尾直接加-s
mouth→mouths,house→houses
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词
在词尾加-es
glass→glasses,match→matches
以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词
变y为i再加-es
country→countries,factory→factories
以元音字母+-y结尾的名词
在词尾直接加-s
holiday→holidays,monkey→monkeys
以o结尾的名词
一般在词尾加-s
piano→pianos,photo→photos
有些在词尾加-es
hero→heroes,potato→potatoes
以-f,-fe结尾的名词
一般要变f或fe为v加-es
self→selves,wolf→wolves
少数直接加-s
roof→roofs,belief→beliefs
单复数同形
deer, sheep, Chinese, means(方式,方法), series, species
词形变化
man→men, woman→women, child→children,
tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice
合成名词的复数
将主体名词变为复数:passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on
无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加-s:
grown-up→grown-ups, stand-by→standbys
名词前有man/woman修饰
man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如:
woman doctor→women doctors, man teacher→men teachers。
1.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷 语法填空)They also need to be ready to give 61.      (interview) in English with international journalists. This is why they need an English trainer. 
2.(2023·1月新高考浙江卷 语法填空)Thanks to Beijing’s long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic ________ (event).
3.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷 语法填空)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___62___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and _eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
单句语法填空
1.【2023·河南省南阳市一中模拟】Unlike traditional paintings, onto which colors are “adde
d,” “knife painters” apply varied pressure on the paper in different ______ (direction) to create different colors and tones.
2.【2023·江西省临川第一中学高三期末】They found one star that appeared to be affected by gravity from an unseen object nearby. Follow-up_________(observation)confirmed that this object was a black hole.
3.【2023·安徽省安庆二中年高三质量检测】Far from being narrow-minded and hostile to __________(foreign) ,people came up to talk to me the first time I went out on the street.
考点二、不可数名词的用法
不可数名词用法
(1)知识总结
(2)通常只用作不可数名词的名词:
advice建议,furniture家具,fun乐趣;information信息,news新闻,weather天气,progress进步,wealth财富,value价值等。
(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷 语法填空)Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teachthe animals?
Since June 2017, right before the       (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
1.There will be new ______________ (equip) for the sports club.
2.The invention would have wide _____________ (apply).
3.There are many ways to greatly increase agricultural ______________ (efficient) in the poorer areas of the world .
4.These paints can be used in ______________ (combine).
5.Her novels have gained in _____________(popular) over recent years.
考点三、抽象名词具体化用法
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考的有:
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美;美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰;慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡 chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如:
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期,能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
④名词单复数的形式比较复杂,注意掌握好以下的情况
weight的用法及短语
1)有些名词一般不用复数形式,但可用复数形式来表达不同的类别
fishes各种鱼;fruits各种水果;steels各种钢材
2)有些名词的单复数形式表达不同的含义
snow雪, snows积雪; two people两个人,two peoples两个民族
3)glass一词作 “玻璃”解时,为物质名词,不可数
The cup is made of glass. 作 “玻璃杯”解时,则为个体名词,可数;如I bought ten glasses this morning. 作 “眼镜”解时,须用复数形式glasses.如: a man with thick glasses
4)paper一词作“纸”解时,不可数
write on paper; 作“报纸”“文件”“考卷”解时,则可数,如: hand in your test papers
5)物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词,要根据情况使用单数或复数形式
a cup of tea; four pieces of bread; a cake of soap
6)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义
time(时间)→times( 时代,次,倍数)    work(工作)→ works( 著作,工厂,工事)
air(空气) →airs( 气派,架子,姿态 )    look(看)→looks(容貌)
custom(习惯) →customs(海关)        advice(劝告)→advices(消息)
arm(手臂)→arms(军火)              damage(损坏)→damages(赔偿金)
glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜,玻璃杯)      good(利益)→ goods(货物)
green(绿)→greens(青菜)            cloth(布) →clothes(衣服)
compass(指南针)→compasses(圆规)    manner(态度) →manners(礼貌,习俗)