第四讲 根据上下文推断词句的含义——词句猜测题
词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
除了直接的命题外，在阅读理解的文章中，常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章，这是词义猜测题的一种简单命题形式。
高考词句猜测题题量统计 | 考纲解读 | |
年份 | 浙江卷 | (1)正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。 (2)英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。 (3)阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。 |
2019.6 | 1(句子Money with no strings attached的含义) | |
2018.11 | 1(短语get bogged down的含义) | |
2018.6 | 1(单词headwinds的含义) | |
2017.11 | 1(短句work it out of her system的含义) | |
2017.6 | 1(句子The cat’s lot was about to improve的含义) | |
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题最常见的命题方式：
(1)The phrase“...” in the sentence could be replaced by “________”．
(2)The underlined word “...” in fers to ________．
(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word paragraph？/What does the underlin
ed word mean paragraph?
(4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “...”？
(5)The underlined word “...” most probably means “________”．
(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that ________．
Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度：
(1)猜测生词或熟词的含义。
(2)猜测短语的意义。
(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it，one，they，this，that，these，those等)。
(4)猜测句意。
词义猜测题——语境分析猜词义
无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这些方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高。掌握了这些方法，考生猜测词义的准确度也会越来越高。
1．利用构词法猜词义
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。
构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)。
[典例] (2018·北京卷·D片段)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric, selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving techno
logy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
49．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Employed. B．Replaced.
C．Shared. D．Reduced.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用作名词， 表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。
2．利用同义、近义词猜词义
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义或近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ·A片段)By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
[点拨] 根据上文中的“By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为：翻译。
3．利用反义词猜词义
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，
however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand等。
[典例] (福建卷·E片段)If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored，you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track.
73．The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A．cheerful B．average
C．serious D．temporary
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据上文语境可知，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，可猜测为“快乐的，乐观的”，故选A。
4．利用逻辑关系猜词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。
考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。
[典例] (2019·北京卷·D片段)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
43．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.
C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据上段尾句“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect but also nutrients.”可知，accessible是什么意思英语温度变化对phytoplankton有
很大的影响；由此可推知phytoplankton对海洋的温度很敏感。故选A。
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