标准地名地址数据库建设及应用
雷双友1，王志成1，龚玉叶1，李 云1
（1.湖南省第二测绘院，湖南 长沙 410002）
摘 要：从数据基础、 技术设计与实现、体制机制建设等方面，研究并阐述了科学合理地建立标准、权威、准确、及时更新的地名地址数据库，以及为各行业部门、社会公众提供地名地址信息服务的方法，供相关行业参考借鉴。关键词：标准地名；标准地址；成果应用
中图分类号：P283 文献标志码：B
文章编号：1672-4623（2021）06-0132-03
地名地址属于基础地理信息[1]
，地址是标识地理实体特定空间位置的结构化描述[2]
。根据《地名管理条例实施细则》规定，民政是地名管理的主管部门，主要行使行政区划、居民地、街路巷及门牌、山河湖岛、建筑物和台站港场的名称管理。专业部门所管理和使用的具有地名意义的地名，其命名、更名由专业部门负责。在加速发展的改革开放40年里，社会各行业对地名地址的使用需求非常强烈，国防建设、经济建设、社会运行、行业管理、公众生活均需要位置准确、名称准确、详实丰
富的地名地址信息支持。为保持地名地址信息的现势性，国土、交通、公安、民政、水利、工商等部门因行业管理需要，分别采用不同的方法在不同时段对地名地址信息进行采集、更新。但是，由于各部门在地名地址信息方面缺乏共享机制，信息关注点不一致，数据标准不一致，地名类型覆盖面不足等原因，导致一地多名、一地多址、命名不规范等，给行业管理、经济社会发展和公众生活带来不利影响。
因此，怎样科学合理地建立一套全省唯一、标准、权威、准确、及时更新的地名地址数据库，并为社会提供服务，在当今科技、信息化高速发展的现代化社会，成为政府部门亟待协调和解决的事情。
1地名地址数据库建设基础
1.1 地名数据基础
为充分掌握地名底数，统一和规范地名管理，保护、传承和弘扬地名文化，加快提高地名信息化管理水平，满足社会对地名的使用需求，提升政府综合治理能力，从2014年8月开始至2018年6月，国务院成立领导小组部署开展了第二次全国地名普查工作，要求以县为单元进行地名登记、实地核查、考证，形成了标准统一的地名数据库。湖南省创新了地名普查
工作方法，在保障地名数据库成果符合国家要求的情况下，由民政部门牵头联合发改、国土、公安、旅游等二十余个部门，收集整合各部门已有地名数据，细化调查范围。项目结合实际，特别是2015年以来
全省乡镇区划大规模的调整（减少了1/4），将数据库进行了全面更新，并将更新时点改为2018-06-30。新增了村（居）民小组、垸、市场等12个小类，形成了198万条包含陆地水系、陆地地形、行政区域、众自治组织、非行政区域、居民点、纪念地与旅游景点、建筑物、单位等11大类独具特的湖南省地名数据库。1.2 地址数据基础
地址信息来源于4个渠道，一是行业部门收集，从具有地址信息审批权限的有关部门收集，比如，湖南省级层面，民政部门管理行政区名、众自治组织名、城市道路名、道路门牌、住宅小区名和建筑物名；住建部门管理的住宅小区、建筑物内部的楼栋、单元和户室号；公安部门管理的农村户籍门牌；自然资源部门管理的天地图地址数据等。二是从地名信息中提取，地名数据库中部分类型的地名含有“地址”属性信息；可以提取出来作为地址数据，包括党政机关、社会组织、事业单位、企业、酒店等20多个地名类型。三是外业采集，根据规定的地址结构标准信息，通过人工实地调查，对在城市和农村范围人类活动和居住的建筑物进行地址信息采集。四是网络爬取，利用网络爬虫工具或网络下载方式，从互联网有关网站获取大量地址信息，对地址大数据进行筛选、地址匹配、比对、清洗后，得到地址数据。
2地名地址数据库设计
2.1 建立数据标准
1）地名数据标准设计。地名是用来称呼地理实体
收稿日期：2019-06-19。
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-4623.2021.06.036
·133·第19卷第6期
的，因此具有明确的位置和范围。同时，人们在命名地理实体时，会以描述地理特征、体现时代特、纪念著名人物、寄托美好愿望为依托，因此，地名具有丰富的文化含义。第二次全国地名普查注重于地名文化调查和指代的地理实体属性调查，记载、传承了我国优秀历史地名文化。湖南省地名数据标准的设计，原则上不仅要符合国家统一的地名数据库标准，而且还应兼顾各行业部门和社会公众对地名的使用需求。
①地名属性设计。地名属性除了包含标准名称外，还应考虑地名背后的文化和可追溯性，体现地名的权威性，设计的属性应包含地名代码、别名、简称、曾用名、地名语种、地名原读音、地名类别、使用时间、地名的来历含义和历史沿革、地理实体概况、设立年份、废止年份等信息。②历史地名的代码设计。历史地名指曾经使用过目前不再使用的地名，其地名代码在第4段的6位附加码中体现，即：现今地名附加码具体代码段为000000-799999；历史地名附加码具体代码段为800000-999999。③地名类别设计体现地方特。地名类别的规定主要依据《地名分类与类别代码编制规则》（GB/T 18521），考虑到地方对地名的使用需求，湖南省对地名类别进行扩充。比如“垸”，垸是指湖南、湖北两省的湖泊地带用
挡水的堤圩所围住的地区，具有地方特。还新增了村（居）民小组、遗址、集贸市场、专业市场、工业旅游示范点、红旅游景区、乡村旅游示范点等12项地方特地名类别[3]。
④地名信息设计应符合国家公开要求。地名数据标准在设计上应符合《中华人民共和国测绘法》、《地图管理条例》、《基础地理信息公开表示内容的规定》等国家保密规定要求，严格禁用涉密、敏感信息。
2）地址数据标准设计。地址是到某人或某机关或与其通信的指定地点，从概念上可以理解为地址就是对指定位置的描述，或是针对某参照物按方位和距离的描述，或是以门（楼）址编号描述，地址描述的随意性大。因此，必须采用标准的、统一的、唯一的、公认的地址描述。建立地址标准就需要对地址描述结构化、层次化，并按照地域范围从大到小的顺序进行组合。当前，地址标准采用《数字城市地理信息公共平台地名/地址编码规则》（GB/T 23705-2009），2009年之后北京、吉林、福建、新疆等部分省市出台了地方标准。但是国内标准是针对城市地址设计，未兼顾农村。湖南省地址数据标准设计承上启下，遵循“标准衔接、城乡统一、遵从习惯、部门通用”原则，即：一要考虑与现有国家标准、行业标准和地方标准的衔接；二要考虑农村地址和城市地址的结合统一；三要考虑人们使用地址的习惯；四要考虑不同行业部门使用地址的通用性。①地址标准化设计应兼顾民政、公安、国土、工商、住建、交通、水利等部门使用需求，注重与各部门现有标准及政策文件规定之间的衔接（比如代码、结构等规定）[4]，最大程度减少参数转换工作量，方便共享应用和数据交换。②区分规范地址和概略地址。从地
址界定方面考虑，首先，明确既无门（楼）址又无相应小区、建筑物或组织机构名称的描述不称其为地址；其次，明确不具有门（楼）址的地址不是规范地址，属于概略地址范畴。门（楼）址是院落、独立门户或建筑物标识编号的文字描述[5]，包括门牌号码和楼牌号码，它具有明显的、具有管理特性的地址标志。③地址结构化设计。地址描述的规范性通过地址结构化实现，从部门通用和城乡地址统一描述的角度考虑，地址采用五个层级结构化的描述，即行政区名、道路名或众自治组织名、门（楼）址、小区或建筑物名、门（楼）详址[6]。④设计地址描述的特定情形。遵从人们习惯设置特定规则，即地址描述中使用道路名和众自治组织名均可时，采用道路名；使用市辖区的道路名时，不必描述行政区划名中的乡级行政区划名；当地址层级中同时缺失第三级门（楼）址和第四级的小区或建筑物名时，应描述组织机构名。
⑤保留地址变更记录。为便于到指定地点，应考虑新旧地址的变化及新增地址情形，即当新设门（楼）址、门（楼）详址，新建小区、建筑物或新成立组织机构时，新增地址；当小区、建筑物、组织机构名不变，行政区划名、众自治组织名、道路名、门（楼）址、门（楼）详址发生变化时，不新增地址，在原有地址数据基础上更新属性并保存变更记录；当地址废止使用时，现有地址作为历史地址保留。
2.2 建设地名地址数据库
自2012年住建部率先推动智慧城市试点以来，智慧城市作为促进城市规划、建设、管理和服务智能化的新理念和新模式，以及作为把新一代信息技术充分运用在各行各业之中的城市信息化高级形态，其建设步伐正在加快推进。地名地址作为基础地理信息公共资源，是智慧城市建设的重要组成部分。建设地名地址数据库，也需要统一和规范地名地址数据库建设方法与步骤，加强地名地址数据库质量，有利于地名地址信息资源在行业和部门之间共享利用。设计如下：1）应统一坐标系统为2000国家大地坐标系。经国务院批准，我国自2008-07-01起全面启用2000国家大地坐标系。已生产的地名地址数据如采用1980西安坐标系、1954北京坐标系或地方坐标系，应全部转换
雷双友等：标准地名地址数据库建设及应用
地理空间信息
·134·第19卷第6期
为2000国家大地坐标系，已保证与其他测绘地理信息数据的套合。
2）建设行政区域数据库。随着经济社会快速发展，行政区划的变化已变为常态。近10 a来，湖南省每年出现县改区、县改市、乡改镇的区划调整，2015年以来，对乡镇和建制村的调整更是规模不小。伴随着行政区域类地名变化而产生的单位类地名变化数量更大，地址也出现整体变化。因此，地名地址数据库需要以行政区域数据库作为基础。
3）地名地址数据库质量检查。地名地址数据应完整、无冗余，具有规定的属性精度和位置精度；地名之间、地址之间的相关位置应与实际一致；地址数据中的行政区域名、道路名、众自治组织名、小区或建筑物名、组织机构名等描述属性，应与地名数据和行政区域数据匹配；地名代码和地址代码应与行政区域代码和类别属性匹配。
4）应统一规定地名地址数据库的提交格式和成果目录结构。
5）应开发地名地址数据库管理系统。系统应具备安全管理、导入导出、数据编辑、数据表达、查询统计等数据管理功能，以及地名地址数据变更审批流程管理、行政区划管理、接口服务等应用服务功能。
3成果更新与应用
3.1 建立成果更新与应用机制
地名信息和地址信息不是一成不变，相反经常变化。比如在城市发展和经济建设过程中，撤乡并镇、县改市、市改区、区县范围扩大等行政区划变化每年都在上演，新修道路、新建小区楼盘、新注册企业、机构改革、单位搬迁、门牌加装等变化每天都在发生，同时，因灾毁、淹没、旧区拆迁、人为等因素造成地名的消失层出不穷。因此，建成的数据库需要不断更新才能保持地名和地址信息的现势性，这样的数据库才有价值和生命力，才能为民所用。地名和地址信息变化的收集，需要政府协调建立多部门地名
地址变化申报机制。考虑地名地址信息标准化处理的专业性，建议将地名和地址按照不同类别列出清单，由不同行业管理部门负责报送，然后集中由一个专业部门负责标准化处理、入库和共享。3.2 建立地名地址公共服务平台[7]
建立地名地址公共服务平台的目的，是建立“互联网+地名地址”，实现全省各部门各行业共同使用同一来源的标准地名地址信息。一是积极采用大数据、云计算、GIS等技术，建立地名地址实时更新、在线管理、服务全面的网络管理与服务协同机制；二是对接具有地名地址命名权限的部门，建立畅通各级政务外网和地名地址公共服务平台的传输机制，通过API 接口实现地名地址更新数据有效聚合；三是将地名地址信息、行政区划信息、地图信息、正射遥感影像无缝集成，构建规范化、可视化的地名地址信息动态管理服务体系；四是提供二次开发web service接口或工具，实现部门业务系统对地名地址信息服务的调用，建立数据标准统一，符合大数据、大融合要求的资源共享体系。
4结 语
加强地名地址数据标准化建设和统一管理，通过各部门地名地址信息共建共享，建立一个权威、标准、覆盖面广的地名地址数据库，对于传承中国优秀地名文化，发挥标准地名地址在服务经济发展、服务民生中的作用，提升社会治理能力，具有重要意义。
参考文献
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[3]湖南省第二次全国地名普查领导小组办公室.湖南省第二
次全国地名普查工作规程实施细则[EB/OL].max.
book118/html/2017/11/19/140716540.shtm/2019/10/12 [4]中国国家标准化管理委员会.公路路线标识规则和国道编号
数据库设计的意义GB/T 917-2009[S].
[5]中国国家标准化管理委员会.数字城市地理信息公共平台地
名/地址编码规则GB/T 23705-2009[S].
[6]公安部.关于印发《办理公民户口和居民身份证件工作中住
址项目填写规范》的通知[EB/OL]. wenku.baidu/
view/a5c1c365804d2b160a4ec021.html./2019/8/12/2020/5/20 [7]王庆坤.青岛市地名地址信息标准化管理研究[D].青岛：中
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第一作者简介：雷双友，高级工程师，研究方向为自然资源调查和地名地址信息化应用。
Index (Vol.19,No.6)
GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION ·VI ·3D Modeling of Urban Underground Space Based on 3D Laser Scanning Technology by ZHANG Zhaojie Abstract Taking an underground parking lot for example, we applied 3D laser scanner into the 3D modeling of urban underground space. Then, we introduced the method and process of point cloud data collection, registration, coloring, noise removal, and modeling in detail, and tested the measurement accuracy of the 3D model. Practice shows that the accuracy of the 3D model can meet the requirements of the relevant specifications for surveying and mapping of underground space buildings, and the production efficiency has been greatly improved. This study has reference significance for the 3D modeling of urban underground space, and is worthy of popularization and application.
Key words 3D laser scanning technology, urban underground space, 3D modeling (Page:89)Emergency Monitoring of Tunnel Landslide Based on Spatial and Ground Laser Point Cloud by LI Junfeng Abstract In this paper, we summarized the experience of specific engineering cases at first. And then, according to the performance of data acquisition equipment, based on the field data acquisition and internal data processing, we analyzed the advantages of tunnel landslide emergency monitoring based on laser point cloud technology. Finally, we gave the long-term monitoring suggestions, which had certain reference significance.
Key words emergency surveying and mapping, tunnel landslide, ground laser point cloud, airborne laser point cloud (Page:92)
Self-calibration Method Based on Straight Line Feature Constraint
by WANG Gang
Abstract In this paper, we proposed a self-calibration method based on the
constraint of straight line features. We constrained the bundle adjustment by
automatically extracting straight line features, in order to reduce the ground
control points and improve the operation efficiency.
Key words oblique photogrammetry, self-calibration, straight line constraint,
ground control point (Page:95)
Comparison and Analysis of the Calculating Precision of T ropospheric Mapping
Function to Regional CORS Network by ZHOU Kangying
Abstract In this paper, we introduced three mapping function models of NMF ,
VMF1 and GMF . Then, based on the observation data of IGS and CORS stations,
we used GAMIT software to analyze the influence of tropospheric mapping function on the accuracy of regional CORS network. The experimental results show that NMF , VMF1 and GMF 3 can improve the positioning accuracy of regional CORS network. Considering the efficiency and global superiority of the mapping function model, it is recommended to use the GMF mapping function model in Shandong Province.Key words atmospheric delay, mapping function, GAMIT , SDCORS (Page:98)Applic ation of Spatial Data Fusion Tec hnology in Digital Status Map Compilation by TANG Zhongcheng Abstract Th
e digital land use status map is an important basic data for the spatial planning compilation, and is also an important reference for assessment of urban development and planning implementation. In order to solve the rapid compilation of high-precision digital land use status maps and in-depth analysis of multi-source data, we studied the key technologies of multi-source spatial data fusion. Fusing the basic geographical data, land and planning approval data and survey data, we explored techniques and methods for rapid compilation of high-precision digital maps.Key words land use status map, multi-source data, data fusion (Page:101)
Influence Analysis of Mining Subsidence on Highway under Unparallel Perspective by WANG Meng Abstract Using the method of numerical simulation, through setting up several groups of experiments, we used FLAC3D numerical simulation software to analyze the movement and deformation characteristics of coal mining face and highway under unparallel perspective. The results show that with the increase of the angle between the working face and the direction along the road, the surface subsidence and horizontal deformation of the highway have changed. The maximum subsidence value decreases gradually with the increase of the angle, and the overall linear decrease trend is 1mm/°. The horizontal deformation data increases with the increase of the angle between the working face and the road. This data can provide a basis for the construction of the road above the working face.Key words mining subsidence, highway, unparallel perspective, numerical simulation (Page:104)
Discussion on Teaching Design of Practical Course of Map Design and Compilation by LAN Qiuping Abstract Based on the analysis of the teaching content of theoretical course of Map Design and Compilation, we discussed the practical teaching objectives and contents of the course, and designed four progressive teaching modules on the CorelDRAW platform and a new multiple examine model, which could provide reference for other practical course of GIS.Key words map design and compilation, practical teaching, teaching content design, CorelDRAW (Page:106)Research on Spatial Evolution of Coordinated Development of Urbanization
in Shanxi Province by WANG Juan Abstract Taking Shanxi Province as the research object, we analyzed the spatio-temporal differences in the coordinated development of urbanization since the new century from the aspects of urbanization quality and urbanization level. The main conclusion include that ①the urbanization development rate of Shanxi Province is fast, and the urbanization level has increased from 26.53% in 2000 to 57.34% in 2017. The urbanization level and development speed between cities and towns are quite different. ②The quality of urbanization is on the rise, with economic and social urbanization as the main driving force, but the geographical differences are large. Taiyuan City ranks first in the long term. ③The coordination degree of urbanization development in Shanxi Province increased by 21.82%, but the overall coordination situation is relatively low. ④Taiyuan ’s urba
nization development has the highest coordination degree, but the tricky effect is weak. Datong and Yuncheng are new potential cities, and the northeast regions are low-lying areas. ⑤The coordination degree of urbanization in Shanxi Province is slow, the actual level is low, and it is uneven.
Key words urbanization level, urbanization quality, coordinated development, Shanxi Province (Page:109)
Spatial Interaction Analysis of Urban Hotspot Areas from the Perspective of Complex Networks by ZHOU Bo Abstract Spatial interaction, as an important topic in the geography and urban planning, is one of the main directions for studying the dynamic changes and interaction characteristics of geographical phenomena or spatio-temporal events. In view of the theory of physical field, we identified the spatial distribution characteristics of urban hotspot areas, and further visually analyzed the spatial interaction between hotspot areas from the perspective of complex networks. The results show that the spatial distribution characteristics of hotspot areas on holidays and working days are significantly different, and the driving mechanism is mainly the difference in travel demand of residents at different times. The urban hotspot area exhibits a cluster phenomenon based on complementary regional functions in terms of spatial connection, and the spatial interaction network of hotspot areas satisfies the small-world effect and scale-free characteristics.
Key words complex network, hotspot area, taxi track, spatial interaction, Shenzhen City (Page:115)Integration T echnology and Practice of Real Estate Registration Stock Data by HUANG Jieyun Abstract In this article, taking housing and land registration data of Zhuhai City for example, we analyzed the present situation of real estate registration stock data, explored the target and thinking of data integration, and proposed the technical path of data integration based on task assignment, data collection and online quality inspection. Then, we carried out a practice in Zhuhai City, which aimed to provide reference for data integration work in other provinces and cities.
Key words real estate registration, stock data, data integration, Zhuhai City
(Page:120)Course Reform and Practice of Cadastral and Real Estate Survey Guided by “Golden Course” by MEN Junzhen Abstract In this paper, we introduced that the construction of “Golden Course” in applied universities should embody at least two transformations, such as the transformation of teaching paradigm and the transformation of teaching concept. Combining with the teaching process, we elaborated the course reform and practice of Cadastral and Real Estate Survey guided by “Golden Course” from
seven aspects, such as the analysis of students' learning conditions, the adjustment of course content,
the formulation of teaching objectives, the reform of teaching mode, the reform of teaching evaluation, the construction of course supporting
resources and the reflection of teachers.Key words “Golden Course”, course reform, classroom (Page:124)Research on Rapid Monitoring Mode of Urban Illegal Land Use Based on “Sample Dictionary” by LI Qi Abstract Based on multi-source low altitude remote sensing data acquisition, knowledge sample base, deep learning change perception, multi-source data fusion analysis, we proposed a rapid monitoring service technology system which taking the special “Sample Dictionary” and self-attention mechanism change perception as the core, so as to meet the requirements of efficient, accurate and fine management and control of illegal land use supervision in important national strategic development areas, and effectively protect the efficiency and accuracy of land use law enforcement.Key words low altitude remote sensing, “Sample Dictionary”, self-attention mechanism model, deep learning, intelligent perception (Page:128)Construction and Application of Standard T oponymic Address Database
by LEI Shuangyou Abstract Taking the construction of the Hunan toponymic address database for example, from the aspects of data foundation, technical design and realization, and institutional mechanism construction, we studied and expounded how to establish the standard, authoritative, accu
rate and timely updated toponymic address database scientifically and reasonably, and a method which could provide toponymic address information service for various industry departments and the public.Key words standard geographical name, standard address, application of result (Page:132)
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