十六十七世纪的英国文学
四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期
(Greek and Roman)戏剧drama 诗章canto
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.
文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama
文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key work: humanism 人文主义:admire human beauty and human achievement
2、代表人物:
1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦
2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)
3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人
sonnet(十四行诗):form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)
5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛
blank verse(无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧drama
四大悲剧:Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),King Lear(李尔王),The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose 散文
1、文学特点:the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.
清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物:
1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物
sonnet 十四行诗《Death be not proud》(笔记)
作品特点:①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)
②novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)
③novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)
2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿a great poet 诗人(poem 诗歌blank verse )
《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
《Paradise Lost》失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人
《Paradise Regained》复乐园
)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程prose 散文
该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”
六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动
prose 散文
1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
vaguely
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.
启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点;论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.
无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。
2、18th century 文学的三个方面:
Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)
3、代表人物:
1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel 现实主义小说
Novel:《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯
2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)
《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发
作家之间的不同:Richardson ——no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教
Fielding ——direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity,full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事。
《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事the best novel of him
3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特
《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记novel 反讽
作品特点:no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.
努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。
《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议
4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森
《Pamela》帕美勒The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法
In the form of letters 书信体小说
5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹
《School for Scandal》造谣学校,喜剧comedy
6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家essayist
《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师,小说novel
《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全,欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy
《The Deserted Village》荒村,诗歌poems
4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义no belief 没有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.
感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。
代表人物:Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义