make的搭配
一.Make的搭配:
1. make + 名词
2. make + 形容词
seem3. make + 介词/副词
4. make + 宾语+补语
5. make +宾语+省略to的不定式(become、feel、seem、look等词)
二.Make 搭配的分类:
1. 后加名词
1.1从单复(可数、不可数)数看:
复数(可数):make dumplings, make appointments, make achievements, make wishes, make decisions/requests/contributions, make recommendations, make comments, make mistakes, make points, make choices, make differences…
单数(不可数):make noise, make fun, , make progress, make sense, make a living, make money, make love…
可见在make 后加复数的名词,其单数形式也是可以的,如:make a dumpling, make a appointment, make a choices 等等,但有些习惯上用的是复数形式,如:make differences,make contributions,make recommendations等。而在make后加不可数的名词,在语法上是单数的(后面的谓语动词用单数),多为固定用法,如make money, make noise, 也有例外如:make a living, 强调冠词a,也可用成make their livings.
1.2从形象和抽象看:
形象:make dumplings,make a pancake,make the bed, make a statement, make a policy, make noise…
抽象:, make efforts, make progress, make fun, make sense, make a living, make
differences…
可见make后可加形象的名词和抽象的名词。其中形象的名词如食物一类,采用的是make“制作”的意思。还可以是人为具体的行为,如谈话,声音,政策等。抽象名词中是大多有后续效果的名词,如efforts, progress。此时的make的解释根据不同的名词而变,如make efforts:作出努力;make fun:开玩笑;make sense:说得通。而形象名词和抽象名词也不是拘泥在可数与不可数的框架之下的。
Make的误用:make business, make influence, make survey, make sports, make crime.
Reasons: It may be due to two reasons: overgeneralization and L1 transfer. First, it is reasonable that transitive verb is followed by nouns as a direct objective in English. Thereby, EFL learners tend to use noun directly after the verb without considering appropriateness. Second, it is obvious that Chinese students tend to merely translate the Chinese equivalent into English, then the inappropriate collocates arises. (参考:基于语料库的以英语为外语的中国学_省略_高频动词Make深度知识实证研究_崇兴甲)
关于make的误用,还由于中国学生对电子词典的依赖度,一般电子词典只解释make 的意思,如:vt. 使得;进行;布置,准备,整理;制造;认为;获得;形成;安排;引起;构成vi. 开始;前进;增大;被制造n. 制造;构造;性情(来源:有道。这使学生造成make可以有很多种用法的错觉,而非真正了解其搭配,所以容易用make代替其他动词,产生如make success, make delight这样的错误搭配。
2. 后加形容词
make good 成功,赔偿make clear显示,解释清楚
make sure 确定证实make ready准备make real 兑现
make本意就有“成功”的意思,所以可以看到,加形容词后的含义,大多有“完成”“实现”等积极的意思。且与make搭配的词组的意思主要是所加形容词的含义。
3. 后加介词/副词
make up 化妆,补足,编造make like 模仿,扮演
make off逃离,匆忙离开make for 促使,导致,走向
make much 重视,取得很大进步
4. make + 宾语+补语
4.1 make+宾语+n. 意为“使、让某人/ 某物(成为)……”
We made him captain of our football team. 我们推选他作我们足球队队长。
We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。
4.2 make+宾语+adj. 意为“使某人/ 某事(变得)……”
The news that our team had won made us very happy. 我们队赢了的消息使我们大家非常高兴。
We must make the rivers clean. 我们必须净化河水。
当宾语是不定式短语或从句时,多用it作形式宾语。如:
I made it a condition that everybody must be on time. 我提出一个条件,人人都要准时。
The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out. 大雨使得我们无法出去。
4.3 “make+宾语+V-ed(过去分词作宾补)”这个结构指宾语接受后面的那个动作,表示被动的意思,意为“使某人/ 某事被……”
The strange noise made us frightened. 奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。
The good news made us excited. 这个好消息使我们兴奋。
通常情况下,make后的宾语是反身代词时,作宾补的动词要用过去分词. make oneself +V-ed (heard, known, understood)。
He couldn't make himself heard above the noise of the traffic. 在交通嘈杂声中他无法使自己的声音提高到让别人听到。
4.4 make+宾语+V-ing(现在分词)”意思是“使某人/ 某事一直在……”。现在分词与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
He makes the boy standing all the time. 他让那个男孩一直站着。
常接V-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有:see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, make等使役动词。
5. make +宾语+省略to的不定式
What makes the grass grow? 什么东西使得草生长?
在被动语态中,此类结构中省略的动词不定式to 要还原。
The boy was made to work twelve hours a day. 这个男孩被迫每天干十二个小时的活。
have, make, let等使役动词和see, hear, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe 等感官动词都可接不带to的不定式作宾补。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。
Did you see him go out? 你看见他出去了吗?