如何指导高三学生猜测英文词义
如何指导高三学生猜测英文词义
作者：王良顺文章来源：创作点击数：243 更新时间：2006-1-2
如何指导高三学生猜测英文词义
王良顺
无论哪一种语言，它都是由语音、语法、词汇这三部分内容组成。在这三部分的内容中要算词汇内容最多，而恰恰一个人的英语词汇量的多寡是反映一个人的英语水平高低的重要标准之一。
我们大部分高三学生的英语词汇量一般都在两千左右，他们学的科目多，不大可能因更多时间掌握更多的单词。但是他们阅读时经常会碰到一些生词，这当然可以查字典。除此之外，还有没有别的方法呢？有，那就是：猜！
下面就谈谈如何指导学生猜测词义的种种方法。
一、利用构词法知识猜测词义。
构词法是指单词构成的规律。明白了构词法，就比较容易知道单词的词类，推测出单词的含义。如：
1. This furniture is fixed. It's immovable.
(im＋move＋able)(不能移动的)
2. You are fat because you overeat.
(over: too much)(吃得太多)
3. The trainees are working hard.
(train＋ee)(受训者)
4. We are humans, and like everyone else, we may sometimes displease others unwillingly.
(un＋willing＋ly)(不情愿地)
5. A train derailment yesterday in this town just south of the capital, Brussels, killed one passenger and hurt more than two dozen, some seriously. The officials said the cause of the derailment was being looked into.
(de＋rail＋ment)(脱轨)
类似的词还有：desalt (脱盐)、deoxidation (脱氧)、dehydration (脱水)等等
6. There's more rainfall this year than last year. (降雨量)
7. Passengers usually wear the safety－belt (安全带) when the plane is in motion.
8. Six of the best students manned“the School news”.
(名词man转化为动词，这里作“主办”解)
9. There are too many ifs and buts in what he says. 他说话太吞吞吐吐了。
(if, but从连词转化为名词)
帮助学生归纳有关构词法知识，很有意思，学生听起来也兴致勃勃。
例如，在讲到including时，可以向他们介绍前缀en－(in－, im－)和ex－的基本意思。en－(in－.im－)为“向内”、“包含”。ex－的含义为“向外”、“不包含”。于是就可以举以下一大串单词：enter, entrance, import, input, income, inside, inner, inward, inclose (=enclose), insert, impress, interior, immigration.
export, express, extend, exit, exclude, except, expense, explain, exhibition, expel, exile, expanse, expose, explode, exterior, emigration.
－er是行为者名词，绝大多数的动词后面都可以加上－er，(除了极少数来源于法文或拉丁文的词以－or结尾以外)如：opener, a big eater, a heavy sleeper, examiner, builder, killer, maker, TV viewer, film goer等等。
－vision可作sight或picture解释，跟它有关的词有television, visionphone, revision等。
－fore是前面的意思。如：before, forehead, foreleg, forearm(前臂)，forecast (预报)，forefather (祖先)等等。
sur－外面的；后面的。如：surround,在round的外面围上，那就是包围，surface表面、外面，surgeon外科医师，surname姓，(外国人把姓放在后面)。
cent－为“百”的意思。如：century, percent, centenarian (百岁老人)，centigrade (百分度的)等等。
利用构词法猜测判断词义，就可以大大减少查词典的麻烦了。
二、利用一些连接词猜测词义。
有的连接词表示并列关系，如and、or等，有的表示递进关系，如：besides、both…and…、as well as等，有的表示转折和让步关系，如but、and yet、however、no matter、although等。如：
1. Finally, as regards smoking, it is against the law to buy cigarettes or tabacco if you are under 16 years of age.
2. I'd like to finish by saying that if you require any sort of help or assistance, you should contact your local police station, who will be pleased to help you.
以上两句都有连词“or”、“or”前后两词为并列、对等、一致，所以只要知道了or前的“cigarettes”和“help”的意义，就可猜出or后的tobacco和assistance是什么意思了。
3. But in bad years, when there is not enough food for their animals, the people of the desert would attack the oases people. But they are also hospitable. No one in the desert would ever refuse to give a stranger food and water.
在以上这个句子中，只要抓住but不放，再结合but前后的意思，就很容易猜出hospitable 的意思为“好客的”。
三、利用定语从句或同位语中的解释来猜测词义。如：
1.He takes special interest in pedagogy which deals with the science of teaching.
exit是什么意思英语2.She entered the pentathlon competition, a test of skill in five events.
上句中的“pentathlon”是“五项竞技项目”之意，即赛跑、游泳、骑马、射击和剑术这“五项全能”(前辍penta－为“五”的意思，也可以利用缀字法来猜出pentathlon的意思)。
四、利用that is, that is to say, in other words等词语来猜测词义。如：
Scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.
五、利用上下文猜测词义。如：
1. The robbery was going to take place at two o'clock on market day. The informer said that one of the gang would have a revolver. This worried the Inspector most of all.
On market days, the street near the post office was always crowded. There was danger that someone might be killed. It was the most difficult case the inspector had ever had.
在以上这段话中，可以根据robbery, be killed这几个词的意思来猜测revolver是“手”的意思。
2. This is what happened when there is a thunderstorm. First you see a sudden flash of bright light.
A few seconds later, you hear a loud rumbling sound…For this reason, you may hear many rumbles and not just one sound.
可以给上段话的内容想出一种thunderstorm的情景，再仔细本味rumbling sound，就可以猜测出rumbles是“隆隆的雷声”。
六、利用中学生已有的常识猜测词义。
1. If yours is superior to mine, you can make me your wife. If not, please drop the question… When he finally stopped before Alice, the girl artist brushed like a rose and agreed to marry him without any hesitation. Why?
他们一般都知道rose的颜是怎么样的，所以能轻而易举地猜出：brush的意思是“脸红了”。